1. Church Reform and the Crusades
Chapter 14.1

2. Trouble Ahead: The Emperor vs. the Pope
Began with crowning of Charlemagne
Otto I united Germany and part of Italy into Holy Roman Empire (900’s-1100’s)
Church was not happy with:
German power over Italy
Use of lay investiture: ceremony in which kings and noble appointed church officials
Use of simony: the selling of positions in the church
1075: Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture

3. Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
After Gregory banned lay investiture, Henry ordered him to step down
Gregory then excommunicated Henry
Henry went to Canossa in January 1077 and stood barefoot in the snow for three days to beg Gregory’s forgiveness
The showdown didn’t solve anything
1122: Concordat of Worms: compromise saying Church could appoint Bishops but emperor could veto

4. Reform
Church was reorganized to resemble a kingdom with pope at the top
Church enforced laws against simony and marriage of priests
Pope Gregory VII

5. New Religious Orders Dominicans Franciscans Benedictines
Importance of helping poor and sick
These orders included women and men
Saint Francis of Assisi

6. Cathedrals Gothic- new style of architecture during Middle Ages
Stained glass windows often told stories for illiterate peasants
Chartres (Cathedral of Notre-Dame)

7. Warm Up
What were the three main problems that the Church wanted to reform?

8. Answers
Lay investiture- process of nobles and kings appointing church officials
Simony- selling church positions
Marriage of priests- this was against the beliefs of the Church

9. Crusades
Pope Urban II issued a call for the Crusades (holy war) to gain control of the Holy Land
Goals of Crusades
Reclaim Holy Land and reunite Christendom
Keep arguing knights busy
Younger sons who did not inherit property could gain position in society, adventure, or riches
Merchants loaned money to finance the Crusades

10. First Crusade Large outpouring of support from all Christians
Knights were ill-prepared and argued over a leader
Captured Jerusalem and won narrow strip of land

11. Second Crusade To win back Edessa from the Turks
European army was defeated
Jerusalem was taken by Saladin, a Kurdish leader

12. Third Crusade Philip II of France argued with Richard and went home
Frederick I drowned on the journey
Richard the Lionhearted battled with Saladin and eventually agreed to a truce

13. Crusading Spirit Dwindles
In 1204 the Fourth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem fails because knights are too busy looting Constantinople
Children’s Crusade: In two separate movements, 50,000 children died from cold, starvation, or drowning or were sold into slavery

14. Spanish Crusade
Reconquista: effort of Spanish to drive Muslim Moors out of Spain
Succeeded under Isabella and Ferdinand in late 1400’s.

15. Isabella and Ferdinand used the Inquisition (Court held by Church to suppress heretics) to unify country and increase power
Many Muslims and Jews converted but were still tried for heresy and burned at the stake

16. Effects of Crusades
Increased trading between Europe and Southwest Asia
Role of women expanded to run estates or businesses after men left for war
Power of Pope lessened
Power of feudal lords lessened and power of kings increased
Persecution of Muslims and Jews caused legacy of hatred and bitterness
Energy of Crusades also led to expansion of trade, towns, and universities across medieval Europe