2. I. Feudalism= -European society during the Middle Ages -there were no longer any great empires -only small feudal states -Nobles owned land given to them by a king and offered protection to those who agreed to work the land -In the center of these small areas was a castle A) Vassals & Knights= -A vassal is a noble who serves a lord for protection -in return for his service he is given a fief to govern

3. B) Knights= -warriors in armor= best fighting force of the time -stirrups allowed them to ride horses & carry a lance -followed a code- chivalry -Knights were expected to be brave, respect women, honor the church, help people, be honest, and fight fairly C) Manorial System= -Manor= AKA fief -lords owned land & peasants worked it -freemen paid lords to work land=could leave at any time

4. -serfs= had no rights & could not leave -not a slave -gave portion of crops to lord for use of land -lord had to protect serf -serfs could not be bought of sold D) Important Inventions= 1) Plow 2) Horse Collar 3) Windmills & Watermills

5. E) Castles= built for protection from invaders -most built of stone -motte= steep sided hill surrounded the castle -The keep= the main castle was built on the motte II. Kingdoms & Crusades A) William the Conqueror= -Battle of Hastings- 1066 defeated Godwinson -crowned King of England -Domesday Book=census of kingdom -changed English culture

6. B) The Magna Carta= -King John raised taxes & punished people w/out a trial -nobles refused to follow him unless he guaranteed certain rights -Nobles forced KJ to sign Magna Carta -King couldn’t raise taxes unless agreed to by Great Council -guaranteed jury trial -King had duties *est. idea that people have basic rights & power of government should be limited*

7. C) The Crusades= -The Byzantine Empire came under attack from Muslims -King didn’t have money for defense=asked pope for help -Pope Urban II declared a holy war on Muslims & encouraged them to take back Jerusalem -1 st Crusade= captured the region around Jerusalem -after 10 crusades the Muslims had regained the land taken in the 1 st Crusade

8. * Crusades had 2 effects on Europe* 1) Increased trade between Europe & Middle East 2) Ended feudalism -both of these allowed King to gain power III. Late Middle Ages A) The Black Death -disease carried by fleas which infested black rats -In 4 years 38 million people died -1 out of 2 people died

9. -trade declined & workers were in demand -helped to end feudalism -”Ring around the rosie” B) 100 Years War -England v France -England claimed land in France -war lasted 100 years C) Joan of Arc -Joan convinced King that saints had convinced her to help fight -inspired the troops & they won -English captured & tried her for heresy -burned her @ the stake