1. The Medieval Machine

2. I. Revival of Trade II. “Industrial Revolution” of the Middle Ages III. Warfare of the Middle Ages (Metal Production) IV. Agricultural Revolution of the Middle Ages

3. I. Revival of Trade A. Vikings B. The Crusades (1095–1291) C. Hanseatic League (13 th to 16 th centuries) D. Champagne Fair — Troyes E. Pilgrimages (Tourism)

4. A. Vikings

5. B. The Crusades (1095–1291)

6. 1. Europeans Viewed as Barbarous by Muslims 2. Positive Effects in Western Europe

7. C. Hanseatic League (13 th to 16 th centuries) Hansa = association Hansa = association Leadership of Lubeck Leadership of Lubeck Once 164 cities belonged to the Hansa Once 164 cities belonged to the Hansa 1447 − assembly met with representatives of 38 cities 1447 − assembly met with representatives of 38 cities Main objectives: mutual security, trade privileges, monopoly Main objectives: mutual security, trade privileges, monopoly Methods: economic boycott, occasional military force Methods: economic boycott, occasional military force Reasons for decline Reasons for decline

8. D. Champagne Fair — Troyes

9. Strayer’s Circuits

10. E. Pilgrimages (Tourism)

11. Patterns of Long-Distance Trade Silk roads Silk roads Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin Trans-Saharan caravan routes Trans-Saharan caravan routes Development of trading cities, emporia Development of trading cities, emporia Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade network Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade network e.g. Mongols in China, 13 th c. e.g. Mongols in China, 13 th c.

12. Marco Polo (1253-1324) Example of long-distance travel Example of long-distance travel Travelled to China with merchant father, uncle Travelled to China with merchant father, uncle Enters service of Mongol Khubilai Khan Enters service of Mongol Khubilai Khan Returns to Venice after 17-year absence Returns to Venice after 17-year absence Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice−Genoa conflict Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice−Genoa conflict Great influence on European engagement with far east Great influence on European engagement with far east

13. Travel and trade from the twelfth to the fourteenth century.

14. Diplomatic Travellers John of Plano Carpini − Franciscan monk, sent by Innocent IV − 1245–1247 – Traveled to court of Mongol Khan Guyuk William of Rubruck – Franciscan monk, sent by Innocent IV – Franciscan monk, sent by Innocent IV – 1253–1255 – traveled to Qaraqorum, court of Khan Mongke – 1253–1255 – traveled to Qaraqorum, court of Khan Mongke

15. Diplomatic Travellers Rabban Sauma −Nestorian Christian Priest sent to Pope by Mongols in Persia, 1287, regarding proposed attack on Jerusalem −Did not win European support −1295 Khan Ghazan of Il-khanate accepted Islam Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) −Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel −Strict punishment meted out according to sharia − Lashes for drinking alcohol − hand amputations for theft

16. II. “Industrial Revolution” of the Middle Ages A. Energy Resources and Their Development B. Weaving C. Clocks D. Mining and the Mineral Wealth of Europe E. Environment and Pollution

17. A. Energy Resources and Their Development 1. water mills (overshot and undershot) a. Barbegal (3 rd cent.) b. Malt-smashing mill at St. Gall (9 th cent.) c. Domesday Book (5624 mills) d. Venarfro e. Robec Banks f. Department of l’Aube g. Liège, 1348, first water-powered bellows 2. Dams and cams

18. Barbegal mill (reconstruction)

20. B. Weaving 1. loom 2. spinning wheel

21. C. Clocks 1. Water clock, mentioned by Jocelyn de Brakelond at Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk, June 23, 1198 2. Alarm clock (11 th -cent. ms, Benedictine Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll) 3. Verge and foliot

22. Verge escapement showing (c) crown wheel, (v) verge, (p,q) pallets

23. Verge and foliot escapement from De Vick clock, built Paris, 1379, by Henri de Vick

24. Verge and foliot design

25. Salisbury Cathedral clock (1386) – oldest known working clock in the world

26. III Warfare of the Middle Ages (Metal Production) A. Heavy Cavalry B. Unorganized C. Infantry D. Siege Weapons

27. A. Heavy Cavalry 1. armored knight on horseback 2. long stirrup 3. lance, shield, sword, chain mail

28. D. Mining and the Mineral Wealth of Europe

29. Rock quarry in Kunst, Germany

30. E. Environment and Pollution 900 BC – 300 BCcold period 200 BC – AD 400warm period 400 – 750cold period 750 – 1215warm and dry / “little climatic optimum” 1215 – 1350limited cold spell 1350 – 1550warm period 1550 – 1850cold spell / “Little Ice Age” 1850 – 1930swarm period 1940 – 1990colder

31. III Warfare of the Middle Ages (Metal Production) A. Heavy Cavalry B. Unorganized C. Infantry D. Seige Weapons

32. A. Heavy Cavalry 1. armored knight on horseback 2. long stirrup 3. lance, shield, sword, chain mail

33. B. Unorganized Warfare — Battle of Liegnitz (April 9, 1241) — Battle of Liegnitz (April 9, 1241) — Battle of Mohí (April 13, 1241) — Battle of Mohí (April 13, 1241)

34. C. Infantry 1. Pike 2. crossbow 3. long bow — Battle of Crécy (1346)

35. Battle of Crécy (1346), 15 th -century miniature from Jean Froissart’s Chronicles

37. English archer with longbow

38. D. Siege Weapons 1. Ballista / Trebuchet 2. Cannon a. Gunpowder—combination of saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur b. Chinese Invention (11th century) c. Roger Bacon (ca. 1214–ca. 1292) d. Siege of Constantinople (1453)

39. Counterweight trebuchet at Château des Baux, France

40. Roger Bacon (ca. 1214 − ca. 1292) Statue in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History

41. Siege of Constantinople, 15 th -century miniature (Biblioteque national ms. 9087, fol. 207v)

42. Dardanelles gun, cast in 1464 and based on the Orban bombard

43. IV. Agricultural Revolution of the Middle Ages A. Technological Innovations and Borrowings 1. heavy plow 2. open fields 3. modern harness 4. three-field system 5. nailed horse shoe B. Development of Husbandry

44. Jean Gimpel, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976).