1. GROWTH OF NATION STATES

2. I. GROWING FOOD SUPPLY A. USING HORSEPOWER 1. IMPROVEMENT – USE OF THE COLLAR HARNESS 2. EFFECT a. COULD PLOW TWICE AS MUCH LAND b. INCREASED FOOD SUPPLY

4. B. THREE FIELD SYSTEM 1. IMPROVEMENT a. DIVIDED LAND INTO 1/3’S b. MORE LAND UNDER CULTIVATION

8. 2. EFFECT a. INCREASED FOOD b. INCREASED POPULATION c. BETTER HEALTH d. DEFORESTATION OF EUROPE

9. II. TRADE AND FINANCE EXPAND A. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES 1. INCREASED DEMANDS FOR MIDDLE EASTERN GOODS

10. ...CRUSADES 2. INCREASED PRODUCTION OF EUROPEAN GOODS FOR TRADE 3. ENCOURAGED USE OF CREDIT AND BANKING

11. B. FAIRS AND TRADE 1. WHO AND WHERE – PEASANTS TRAVELED TO TOWNS 2. WHAT – BACON, SALT, HONEY, CHEESE, CLOTH

12. ...FAIRS & TRADE 3. EFFECT – PRODUCTION IS NO LONGER ON THE MANOR

13. C. FINANCIAL REVOLUTION 1. BORROWING MONEY a. MERCHANTS NEEDED MONEY TO PURCHASE GOODS

14. ...FINANCES b. USURY – LENDING MONEY AT INTEREST – SIN ACCORDING TO THE CHURCH c. MERCHANTS TURNED TO JEWISH MONEY LENDERS

15. 2. EFFECTS a. CHURCH OPPOSITION TO USURY HELPED SECULARIZE EUROPE b. LETTERS OF CREDIT EXPANDED TRADE & MONEY SUPPLY

16. ...EFFECTS c. USE OF ARABIC NUMBERS INTRODUCED WITH NEW BOOKKEEPING PRACTICES (“0” FROM INDIA)

18. C. TRADE & TOWN GROWTH 1. INTRODUCTION a. POPULATION – FROM 30-42 MILLION b. TOWN SIZE – 1500 - 2500

19. 2. EFFECTS OF TOWN GROWTH ON FEUDALISM a. TOWNS ATTRACTED PEASANTS FROM THE MANOR b. SERFS LEFT MANORS TO LIVE IN TOWNS

21. 3. MEDIEVAL TOWN DEVELOPMENT & LIFE a. NARROW STREETS b. WASTE DUMPED INTO STREETS c. PEOPLE DID NOT BATH d. HOUSES – WOOD WITH THATCH ROOFS, CONSTANT FIRE HAZARD

22. D. TOWN & SOCIAL ORDER 1. TOWNS AND MEDIEVAL FEUDALISM a. TOWNS WERE UNDER FEUDAL CONTROL

23. b. BURGHERS DEMANDS 1.) FREEDOM FROM TOLLS 2.) RIGHT TO GOVERN THEMSELVES

24. III. REVIVAL OF LEARNING A. UNIVERSITIES 1. GROUPS OF SCHOLARS WHO MET WHEREVER THEY COULD

25. ...UNIVERSITIES b. SONS OF WELL TO DO TOWNS PEOPLE c. STUDY FOR 5-7 YEARS FOR BACHELORS

26. B. VERNACULAR 1. EVERYDAY LANGUAGE OF HOMELAND 2. EFFECT – BROUGHT LITERATURE TO MANY PEOPLE 3. SHIFT IN LANGUAGE FROM LATIN TO VERNACULAR

27. C. MUSLIM CONNECTION 1. REVIVAL EFFECTS (CRUSADES) a. RENEWED INTEREST IN ANCIENT SCHOLARS b. INCREASED TRADE FROM CRUSADES LED TO STUDY IN MUSLIM WORLD

28. ...REVIVAL c. EUROPEANS ACQUIRED NEW KNOWLEDGE d. NEW TECHNOLOGY FROM MUSLIMS – SHIPS, NAVIGATION, WEAPONS

29. D. AQUINAS & MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY 1. THOMAS AQUINAS a. WROTE “SUMMA THEOLOGICA” b. ARGUED THAT RELIGIOUS TRUTH COULD BE PROVEN BY LOGICAL REASONING

32. 2. EFFECT a. SCHOLASTICS – SCHOOLMEN VERSED IN THE CLASSICS b. TEACHINGS INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT

33. ...EFFECTS c. DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS & TRADITIONS BEGAN TO DEVELOP

34. IV. ENGLAND ABSORBS INVADERS A. EARLY INVASIONS 1. INVADERS a. VIKINGS b. ANGLES c. SAXONS

35. ...INVADERS 2. KING CANUTE – UNIFIED ENGLISH PEOPLE INTO ANGLO-SAXONS

37. B. NORMAN CONQUEST 1. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR a. NORMANDY – REGION OF NORTHERN FRANCE

39. ...WILLIAM b. DESCENDED FROM VIKINGS ADOPTED FRENCH CULTURE c. CLAIMED ENGLISH CROWN AND INVADED ENGLAND

40. 2. HAROLD GODWINSON a. ANGLO/SAXON WHO CLAIMED THE ENGLISH CROWN

42. 3. BATTLE OF HASTINGS a. HAROLD GODWINSON KILLED IN BATTLE b. WILLIAM CLAIMED ALL OF ENGLAND

43. 4. EFFECT a. WILLIAM UNIFIED ENGLAND b. LAID FOUNDATION FOR CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT

47. V. ENGLAND’S EVOLVING GOVERNMENT A. INTRODUCTION 1. GOALS OF WILLIAMS DESCENDENTS a. HOLD & ADD FRENCH LANDS b. STRENGTHEN POWER OVER NOBLES & CHURCH

48. B. MONARCHS, NOBLES, & COMMON LAW 1. ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE a. HUSBANDS 1.) LOUIS VII – FRANCE 2.) HENRY II - ENGLAND

50. b. SONS 1.) RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED 2.) JOHN

51. 2. EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE TO HENRY II a. ADDED TERRITORY IN FRANCE b. MADE HIM A VASSAL TO THE FRENCH KING

52. 3. HENRY RULES ENGLAND - ACCOMPLISHMENTS a. STRENGTHENED ROYAL COURTS b. INTRODUCED USE OF JURY c. ESTABLISHED COMMON LAW – BASED ON JUDICIAL OPINION

53. C. MAGNA CARTA 1. JOHN’S RULE a. FAILED AS A MILITARY LEADER b. LOST FRENCH LANDS

54. 2. NOBLES REVOLT a. CAUSES 1.) CRUEL TO SUBJECTS 2.) TAXED NOBILITY HEAVILY TO SUPPORT WARS IN FRANCE

55. b. MAGNA CARTA 1.) RIGHTS GUARANTEED a.) NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION b. RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY

56. c. EFFECTS a. FOUNDATION FOR BASIC LEGAL RIGHTS IN ENGLAND AND UNITED STATES

58. D. MODEL PARLIAMENT 1. CAUSES a. NEEDED TO RAISE TAXES FOR FRENCH WARS

59. 2. PARLIAMENT – LEGISLATIVE GROUP a.) TWO BURGESSES FROM EACH COUNTY b. TWO KNIGHTS FROM EACH COUNTY

60. ...PARLIAMENT 3. HOUSE OF COMMONS a. KNIGHTS & BURGESSES 4. HOUSE OF LORDS a. NOBLES & BISHOPS

61. ...PARLIAMENT 5. EFFECT a.) WEAKENED GREATER LORDS b.) PROVIDED CHECK ON ROYAL POWER

62. VI. CAPETIAN DYNASTY RULES FRANCE A. INTRODUCTION 1. FRANCE AFTER CHARLEMAGNE a. DIVIDED INTO 30 FEUDAL TERRITORIES b. CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY ENDED WITH LOUIS THE SLUGGARD

63. 2. HUGH CAPET a. SMALL KINGDOM THAT INCLUDED PARIS b. BEGAN CAPETIAN DYNASTY WHICH GAINED CONTROL OVER FRANCE

64. B. FRANCE BECOMES A SEPARATE KINGDOM 1. IMPORTANCE OF CAPETIAN LOCATION a. CONTROLLED EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTES b. CONTROL OF FRANCE SPREAD FROM PARIS

65. C. PHILLIP II EXPANDS HIS POWER 1. PHILLIP’S GOALS a. WEAKEN THE POWERS OF THE ENGLISH KINGS IN FRANCE

66. 2. FAILURES & SUCCESSES a. LITTLE SUCCESS AGAINST HENRY II OR RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED b. GREATLY INCREASED TERRITORY AGAINST JOHN

67. ...SUCCESSES c. TRIPLED LAND HELD d. BECAME MORE POWERFUL THAN VASSALS

68. 3. CENTRALIZING GOVERNMENT a. ESTABLISHED COURTS CALLED BAILIFFS b. PRESIDED OVER COURTS AND COLLECTED TAXES

69. D. PHILLIP’S HEIRS 1. LOUIS IX a. KNOWN AS IDEAL KING

70. ...HEIRS b. CREATED FRENCH APPEALS COURTS 1.) COULD OVERTURN LOCAL COURT DECISIONS 2.) STRENGTHENED MONARCHY & WEAKENED FEUDALISM

71. 2. PHILLIP IV a. USED SUPPORT OF LORDS AND BISHOPS AGAINST POPE b. INCLUDED COMMONERS IN MEETINGS

72. c. ESTATES GENERAL 1.) 1 ST ESTATE – CHURCH LEADERS 2.) 2 ND ESTATE – GREATER LORDS 3 RD ESTATE - COMMONERS

73. VII. SPAIN A. FERDINAND AND ISABELLA 1. UNIFIED SPAIN THROUGH MARRIAGE AND WAR

75. ...FERDINAND & ISABELLA 2. EXPELLED THE MOORS FROM SPAIN 3. BEGAN EXPANSION OF SPANISH EMPIRE IN AMERICAS 4. EXPANSION CONTINUED UNDER PHILLIP II

78. NATION STATES l 1. SPAIN l 2. FRANCE l 3. GERMANY l 4. ENGLAND