1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648) The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

2. Civil War In France (1562-1598)

3. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End  Henri II was the last powerful Valois  Dies in 1559 of a jousting wound  Three weak sons followed:  Francis II  Charles IX  Henri III  Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:  Was mother to the boys  Played both sides in the civil war  Developed a reputation for cruelty  Take care of the “protestant” problem

4. The French Civil War  There were two sides:  Guise family led Catholics in North  Bourbon family led Huguenots in South  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.  St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  August 24, 1572  20,000 Huguenots were killed  Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

5. St. Bartholomew ’ s Day Massacre

6. “...the streets and ways did resound with the noise of those that flocked to the slaughter and plunder, and the complaints and doleful out-cries of dying men, and those that were nigh to danger were every where heard. The carkasses of the slain were thrown down from the windows, the Courts & chambers of houses were full of dead men, their dead bodies rolled in dirt were dragged through the streets, bloud did flow in such abundance through the chanels of the streets, that full streams of bloud did run down into the River: the number of the slain men, women, even those that were great with child, and children also, was innumerable.”*“...the streets and ways did resound with the noise of those that flocked to the slaughter and plunder, and the complaints and doleful out-cries of dying men, and those that were nigh to danger were every where heard. The carkasses of the slain were thrown down from the windows, the Courts & chambers of houses were full of dead men, their dead bodies rolled in dirt were dragged through the streets, bloud did flow in such abundance through the chanels of the streets, that full streams of bloud did run down into the River: the number of the slain men, women, even those that were great with child, and children also, was innumerable.”* * Jacques-Auguste de Thou's History of the Bloody Massacres of the Protestants in France in the year of our Lord, 1572 (London, 1674). The writer was a young man at the time of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, parts of which he witnessed. De Thou helped to draft the Edict of Nantes, which (briefly) granted toleration to the Huguenots in France. He goes on,

7. Details 3 days of fighting and 3,000. 10,000 at the end of 6 weeks.3 days of fighting and 3,000. 10,000 at the end of 6 weeks. Catherine de' Medici received the congratulations of all the Catholic powers, and Pope Gregory XIII ordered bonfires lighted and the singing of the Te Deum. Indeed, the Pope's joy was so great that he commanded a gold medal to be minted, with the inscription, "Slaughter [strages] of the Huguenots."Catherine de' Medici received the congratulations of all the Catholic powers, and Pope Gregory XIII ordered bonfires lighted and the singing of the Te Deum. Indeed, the Pope's joy was so great that he commanded a gold medal to be minted, with the inscription, "Slaughter [strages] of the Huguenots." Huguenots now claimed their right to resist tyranical leaders.Huguenots now claimed their right to resist tyranical leaders. Going to bring about Constitutionalism.Going to bring about Constitutionalism.

8. The French Civil War  Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.  Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.  Effects of Civil War:  France was left divided by religion  Royal power had weakened  Valois family now replaced by Bourbons Catholic League Protestant Union CIVIL WAR

9. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

10. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart Married in 1558 to then Queen of Scotts and dies in 1560. Dies of complications of an ear infection, an abscess. Her uncles were members of the Guise family.

11. Charles IX dies in 1574.Charles IX dies in 1574. Henry III takes the throne but does not produce an heir.Henry III takes the throne but does not produce an heir. Catholic League:Catholic League: Guises worry he won’t get rid of Protestantism and so they elicit the help of Philip II.Guises worry he won’t get rid of Protestantism and so they elicit the help of Philip II. 1588 he has 2 of Guises killed.1588 he has 2 of Guises killed. He is stabbed by a fanatical monk in 1589.He is stabbed by a fanatical monk in 1589.

12. Wikipedia: Henry IV Henry IV :(December 13, 1553-May 14, 1610) The first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France.Henry IV :(December 13, 1553-May 14, 1610) The first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France. The Guises formed the Catholic league and solicited the help of Philip II to overthrow Henry.The Guises formed the Catholic league and solicited the help of Philip II to overthrow Henry. Converted from Huguenot to Catholic to become king of France. Involved in the Wars of Religion.Converted from Huguenot to Catholic to become king of France. Involved in the Wars of Religion. Edict of Nantes: guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants and which ended the civil war.Edict of Nantes: guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants and which ended the civil war. Began the selling of offices. ‘nobility of the robe’Began the selling of offices. ‘nobility of the robe’ One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. He was murdered by a fanatical Catholic, Francois Ravaillac.He was murdered by a fanatical Catholic, Francois Ravaillac.

13.  Ended Spanish interference in France  Converted to Catholicism :  Did this to compromise and make peace  Paris is worth a mass.  This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Henri le grand.  Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:  Granted religious rights to Huguenots  Did not grant religious freedom for all Henry IV of France

14. Assassination of Henry IV by Ravaillac

15. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

16. 1618-1648

17.  The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.  At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.  At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.  Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

18.  Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.  The Bohemians hated him.  Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.  Defenestration of Prague  May, 1618  Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.  Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.  Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.  Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.  The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

19. Bohemian Phase

20.  Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.  Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire.  Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army.  Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.  Edict of Restitution (1629):  Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.  Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.  German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them. The Dutch Phase: 1625-1629

21. Dutch Phase

22. Albrecht von Wallenstein

23.  France & Sweden now get involved.  Both want to stop Habsburg power.  Sweden led the charge.  France provided support.  Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.  Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.  Swedish advance was stopped.  German princes still feared Ferdinand II.  Wallenstein assassinated to appease them. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

24. Swedish Phase

25. Gustavus Adolphus

26.  France & Sweden switched roles.  All countries in Europe now participated.  This phase was most destructive!  German towns decimated.  Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.  8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]  Caused massive inflation.  Trade was crippled throughout Europe. The French Phase: 1635-1648

27. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years ’ War

28.  Political Provisions:  Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor.  The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  so. part remained a Sp. possession.  Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.  Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.  Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.  Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.  Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

29.  Religious Provisions:  Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.  The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

30. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

31. 1688-1700

32.  Many Protestants felt betrayed.  The pope denounced it.  Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!  For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe. Nobody Was Happy!

33. What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years ’ War?

34. Spain ’ s Catholic Crusade Philip IIPhilip II –Goal was to re-impose Catholicism in Europe El Escorial

35. Spain v. Ottomans Fight for control over the Mediterranean for the Christians.Fight for control over the Mediterranean for the Christians. Battle of LepantoBattle of Lepanto –1571 Victory over the Ottomans. –Beginning of Ottoman decline. Victory restores religious fervor in Catholics reminiscent of the Crusades.

36. Dutch Revolt Inquisition had been brought to the Protestant NetherlandsInquisition had been brought to the Protestant Netherlands William I of Orange leads 7 Protestant provinces against Spain.William I of Orange leads 7 Protestant provinces against Spain. Northern Provinces gain independence United Provinces of the Netherlands 1581 Southern Provinces stay loyal to Spain but economy is hurt because the North cut off trade routes.

37. Spain v. England Mary I (Philip’s wife) tries to bring Catholic back in England.Mary I (Philip’s wife) tries to bring Catholic back in England. Elizabeth puts a stop to that when she comes to power.Elizabeth puts a stop to that when she comes to power. –She won’t marry Philip She helped the Dutch Revolt. Philip seeks revenge and wants to re- Catholicize England

38. Spanish Armada Invades in 1588.Invades in 1588. Armada is destroyed because of a storm and the better armed English navy.Armada is destroyed because of a storm and the better armed English navy. Signals the fall of Spain and the rise of England.Signals the fall of Spain and the rise of England.

39. Post Thirty Years ’ War Europe Recession Causes: Results Daily Life Marriage and Children Peasants