2.  King of the Franks---Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire  United many tribes into one kingdom  Promoted Christianity  Helped to spread education; promoted education

3.  Lords valued LOYALTY most in their knights

4.  Lords gave their knights FIEFS, or pieces of land, in exchange for their service.

5. A verbal or written agreement consisting of obligations of both the lord and the vassal.

6.  Peasants were willing to become serfs and work on manors in order to SURVIVE and be PROTECTED from barbarian tribes like VIKINGS!

7.  A rich and powerful land-owning person in the Middle Ages.

8.  Both pledged LOYALTY to their lords

9.  In the Middle Ages, the teachings of the Church gave people HOPE and provided ORDER in difficult times.  People feared EXCOMMUNICATION, and wanted to get into Heaven, so they did everything the Church asked of them.

10.  To be cast out from the Church  If a person was excommunicated, it was believed they would not get into Heaven.

11.  The Pope wanted to be famous for making the Holy Land Christian again  Peasants wanted to leave the manor and go on an adventure  Knights wanted to be famous and get rich

12.  The Crusaders encountered the Muslims or the Islamic people on their quest to regain control of the Holy Land.

13.  Trade between Europe and Asia increases  New products from the Middle East were introduced into markets in Europe  The Silk Road—trade route connecting Europe and Asia reopened

14.  The Crusaders were not prepared to fight in the dry, desert climate  Poor leadership and organization

15.  Math—algebra and trigonometry  Hospitals  Medical Encyclopedias with new treatments  Pharmacies  New treatments for eye conditions/eye surgeries  Islamic calendar  Astrolabe

16.  The Black Death was a plague that caused 1/3 of Europe’s population to decline between 1347-1351

17.  Skilled workers (blacksmiths, tailors, candlemakers, bakers, etc.) wanted to leave the manor and move to towns in order to join a guild and earn money.

18.  Skilled craftsmen moved to towns, joined guilds, and became merchants that traded and sold their goods for money.

19.  The Right to a Trial by a Jury is found in both the Magna Carta and the U.S. Constitution.

20.  The Magna Carta limited the power of the king and gave more rights to the people. This led to a more democratic society in England and led to the U.S. creating a system where the people’s rights are protected under the law.

21.  The peasants believed that Joan was chosen by God to lead France to independence against the English.

22.  The Church believed that Joan was a heretic — someone going against church teachings.