1. ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS: AVOIDING SOME COMMON PROBLEMS David Mulkey and Alan W. Hodges Food and Resource Economics University of Florida

2. 2 INTRODUCTION Impact studies based on input-output models have become more widespread. Requested (and sometimes required) by government agencies and a range of private groups. Intent is to assess the total impact of a change in some sector or to demonstrate the importance of a particular industry. With current software studies are relatively easy and inexpensive to complete, and easier to misuse and/or abuse.

3. 3 SOME FLORIDA EXAMPLES Rural hospitals in five communities Call centers in two rural counties State, regional and local impacts of agriculture Heritage tourism in St. Johns County Removing land from citrus production in SW Florida Closing poultry processing plants in NE and NW Florida State and local fairs and gambling boats Commercial fishing on Florida east coast

4. 4 A QUICK OVERVIEW Grounded in export base theory: Regional economy drives off sales outside region (direct effects). Multiplier effects accumulate as dollars circulate through local service industries (indirect effects), and as new income is spent in local retail and service industries(induced effects). Multipliers measure total effect of direct change in sales of any given industry to final demand.

5. 5 Rest of the WorldExport FirmsService Firms (Input Suppliers) Service Firms (Local Population) Local Population (Households) Imports (Leakages) $ G&S $ $Labor $ G&S $ $ $ Good and Services Labor Services $ Good and Services $ Figure 1. Economic Activities of a Community

6. 6 Industry Transactions and Social Accounting Matrix Purchasing IndustriesFinal Demand Agri- culture MiningManu- facturing TradeServicesHouse- holds Govern -ment ExportsTotal Selling Industries Agriculture 122106011739 Mining 522000021140 Manufacturing 5362059104098 Trade 232152510553 Services 710302101810087 Value Added Indirect Business Taxes 12447 Household Earnings 514201240 Corporate Profits 123410 Imports 123410 Total 3940985387533363617

7. 7 The Implan System Input-output modeling software licensed by Minnesota Implan Group, Inc. (www.implan.com). Regional data available for all US counties and states. 528 industry sectors, social accounts including 10 household income classes, 4 government sectors, capital investment and inventory change Model building and customization features Impact analysis module, margins and deflators Reports http://www.implan.com

8. 8 Industry Transactions and Social Accounting Matrix Purchasing IndustriesFinal Demand Agri- culture MiningManu- facturing TradeServicesHouse- holds Govern -ment ExportsTotal Selling Industries Agriculture 122106011739 Mining 522000021140 Manufacturing 5362059104098 Trade 232152510553 Services 710302101810087 Value Added Indirect Business Taxes 12447 Household Earnings 514201240 Corporate Profits 123410 Imports 123410 Total 3940985387533363617

9. 9 Case Study Facts New data processing firm that serves clients nationwide to locate in Lake City, Florida Will employ 375 workers with average annual earnings of $18,000, drawn from 8- county area Industry average output per employee: $45,000 Employee training expenditures of $500,000 to local firm Construction expenditures of $1.5 million, 75% to firms within region Purchase of $750,00 in equipment and furniture from outside region Output and employment multipliers given in table below SectorOutput ($/$ direct)Employment (jobs/$MM output) IndirectInducedDirectIndirectInduced Data processing0.2190.18321.93.83.4 Job training0.1940.22329.53.14.1 Construction0.2030.13810.53.62.6 Office equipment0.2000.25015.04.0

10. 10 Case Study Impact Analysis Results ImpactOutput ($1,000)Employment (jobs) DirectIndirectInducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotal Construction1,1252201551,500124319 Data processing 16,8753, 6953,08823,6583756457496 Training50097112709152219 Office equipment 00000000 Total18,5004,0123,35525,8674027062534

11. 11 SOME COMMON PROBLEMS Defining the region for analysis Estimating direct effects Failure to margin retail sectors Adjusting for differences in regional structure Interpretation of results

12. 12 DEFINING THE STUDY REGION Impact studies usually requested with respect to some particular geographic location, usually a city, county or state. Impacts are dependent on the definition of region, and there are usually differences between political jurisdictions and functional economic regions. Regional definition should consider location of labor force and support industries. In most cases, functional regions are larger than counties.

13. 13 MONROE POLK WHERE IS GAINESVILLE?

14. 14 Pensacola Tallahassee Jacksonville Orlando Miami, Ft. Lauderdale Ft. Myers, Coral Gables Sarasota, Bradenton Tampa, St. Petersburg, Clearwater BEA Economic Regions of Florida

15. 15 ESTIMATING DIRECT EFFECTS Direct effects are not always easy to estimate and require some analysis prior to doing an impact study. Impact studies are often requested in cases where no new economic activity is created. Input-output models can only measure impacts where some change in output or expenditure takes place.

16. 16 RETAIL SECTOR MARGINS Impact studies are often requested for events where a large part of the impact takes place through local retail sectors. Only the margin can be appropriately allocated to the retail sector. The value of goods sold must be allocated to another producing sector. In most rural areas products are not produced locally and must be treated as imports (leakages) from outside the local economy.

17. 17 DIFFERENCES IN REGIONAL STRUCTURE Software packages like IMPLAN generate local input- output tables by relying on local data (output, employment, and value added) and national input- output tables. Technology of production (embodied in the relationship between sectors) is assumed to be the same in the local economy. Adjustments are required where local structure differs significantly from national relationships.

18. 18 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS An impact analysis is not a benefit-cost analysis. An impact analysis is not a measure of net welfare change. An impact analysis does not provide insight into longer term structural change in response to external stimuli.