4. Population and Scarcity Environment and Society Lecture 1

5. The Problem of Exponential Growth Reverend Dr. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 – 1834) Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)

6. The Problem of Exponential Growth Time Q of Population or Resource Resources Population Periods of Demographic Crisis and Correction Argument 1:

7. The Problem of Exponential Growth Argument 2: Welfare policies for the poor are counter- productive and contributes to higher rates of population growth.

8. The Problem of Exponential Growth Argument 3: Remedy is the expansion of moral restraint (especially of women!). “It can scarcely be doubted that, in modern Europe, a much larger proportion of women pass a considerable part of their lives in the exercise of virtue than in past times and among uncivilized nations” (Malthus 1992, Book 2, 43-4) “In some of the southern countries where every impulse may be almost immediately indulged, the passion sinks into mere animal desire …” (Malthus 1992, Book 4, 212)

9. What are the problems with the Malthusian argument?

10. Complicating the Malthusian Argument Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren (1974)

11. The Neo-Malthusian Arguments Population (especially the affluent ones) requires the most immediate attention. Paul Ehrlich (1974) No, technology as the greatest influence on environmental impact. Barry Commoner (1988) Technology create impacts, but tech development will soon lower environmental impact... Simon Kuznets (1973)

12. Environmental Degradation Per Capita Income Turning Point Environment Worsens Environment Improves Environmental Kuznets Curve

14. The Question of Limits Carrying Capacity The theoretical limit of a given population that a system can sustain. Example: Earth can only sustain 2 Billion people who have the same consumption patterns as US Americans (Chambers et al. 2002)

15. The Question of Limits Ecological Footprint The theoretical spatial extent of the earth’s surface required to sustain an individual, group, system, organization (measured in GHa) Global Hectares (productivity of all biologically productive areas) = 11.3 billion hectares for the planet Global Hectares Per Capita (global hectares of nation / population of nation)

18. The Question of Limits Club of Rome’s Limits to Growth

19. Does Population Induce Innovation? The Case of Agriculture (Ester Boserup’s Thesis, 1965) Shifting Cultivation Induced Intensification Population Time

20. Does Population Induce Innovation? The Green Revolution

22. But not all countries are growing exponentially?

23. Demographic Transition Model (DTM) – predictable shifts in birth and death rates associated with modernization

24. Some have done extreme interventions …

25. What are the good and the bad sides of these population policies?

26. Alternative interventions …

27. What have we learned? Is there a link between population, scarcity and environmental impacts? Is population alone enough to explain the state of the environment? Would we be able to predict population trends based on environmental limits alone? Are we able to control population and is it ideal? There is still a lot of debates and the relationship is complex!