2. Violence in the Name of the Faith Religious Terrorism

3.  Understanding Jihad as a Primary Motive  Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do what is right.  Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam.  The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a Secondary Motive  Forgery written by Czarist secret police around 1895.  Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.

4.  Judeo-Christian Antiquity  Bible references to violence in the name of the faith.  Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies.  Christian Crusades  A series of Western Christian military campaigns.  Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.

5.  The Assassins  Founded in 11 th -century Persia to purify the faith.  Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings.  A Secret Cult of Murder  Thuggee cult in 13 th to 19 th century India.  Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.

6.  Modern Arab Islamist Extremism  A progression from secular phases of Arab nationalism.  Movement has transcended most ethnic and cultural differences.  Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda  Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force.  Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.

8.  National Case: Iran  Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force.  Cases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Palestinian Islamists.  Regional Case: Pakistan and India  Hindu-Muslim conflict.  Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).  Cases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden Temple massacre.

9.  Religious Zealotry in the Middle East  Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.  Case: Competing claims to Jerusalem and sacred sites.  The International Mujahideen  Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith.  Case: The Afghan Arabs.

10.  Al Qaeda’s Religious Foundation  A movement and loose network.  Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview.  Belief that Islamist armed resistance is required.  The Algerian Jihadis  Civil war in Algeria during 1990s.  Violent Islamist uprising.

11.  Cult Case: Aum Shinrikyo  Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara.  At peak, 9,000 members inn Japan and 40,000 worldwide.  March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas attack.  5,000 to 6,000 people were injured.