Practical Issues in Cash and Receivable: Disposition and Recognitions

Practical Issues in Cash and Receivable: Disposition and Recognitions
PART II: Corporate Accounting Concepts and Issues Lecture 09 Practical Issues in Cash and Receivable: Disposition and Recognitions Instructor Adnan Shoaib

Learning Objectives Explain accounting issues related to recognition and valuation of notes receivable. Explain the fair value option. Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable. Describe how to report and analyze receivables.

Cash and Receivables Cash Accounts Receivable Notes Receivable
Special Issues What is cash? Reporting cash Summary of cash-related items Recognition of accounts receivable Valuation of accounts receivable Recognition of notes receivable Valuation of notes receivable Fair value option Disposition of accounts and notes receivable Presentation and analysis

Recognition of Notes Receivable
Supported by a formal promissory note. A negotiable instrument. Maker signs in favor of a Payee. Interest-bearing (has a stated rate of interest) OR Zero-interest-bearing (interest included in face amount). LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Generally originate from: Customers who need to extend payment period of an outstanding receivable. High-risk or new customers. Loans to employees and subsidiaries. Sales of property, plant, and equipment. Lending transactions (the majority of notes). LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Short-Term Long-Term Record at Face Value, less allowance Record at Present Value of cash expected to be collected Interest Rates Stated rate = Market rate Stated rate > Market rate Stated rate < Market rate Note Issued at Face Value Premium Discount LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Note Issued at Face Value
Illustration: Bigelow Corp. lends Scandinavian Imports $10,000 in exchange for a $10,000, three-year note bearing interest at 10 percent annually. The market rate of interest for a note of similar risk is also 10 percent. How does Bigelow record the receipt of the note? i = 10% $10,000 Principal $1,000 1,000 1,000 Interest 1 2 3 4 n = 3 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

PV of Interest $1, x = $2,487 Interest Received Factor Present Value LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

PV of Principal $10, x = $7,513 Principal Factor Present Value LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Summary Present value of interest $ 2,487 Present value of principal 7,513 Note current market value $10,000 Notes receivable 10,000 Cash 10,000 Cash 1,000 Interest revenue 1,000 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Zero-Interest-Bearing Note
Illustration: Jeremiah Company receives a three-year, $10,000 zero-interest-bearing note. The market rate of interest for a note of similar risk is 9 percent. How does Jeremiah record the receipt of the note? i = 9% $10,000 Principal $0 $0 $0 Interest 1 2 3 4 n = 3 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

PV of Principal $10, x = $7,721.80 Principal Factor Present Value LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Illustration 7-12 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Journal Entries for Zero-Interest-Bearing note Present value of Principal $7,721.80 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Interest-Bearing Note
Illustration: Morgan Corp. makes a loan to Marie Co. and receives in exchange a three-year, $10,000 note bearing interest at 10 percent annually. The market rate of interest for a note of similar risk is 12 percent. How does Morgan record the receipt of the note? i = 12% $10,000 Principal $1,000 1,000 1,000 Interest 1 2 3 4 n = 3 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

PV of Interest $1, x = $2,402 Interest Received Factor Present Value LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

PV of Principal $10, x = $7,118 Principal Factor Present Value LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Illustration: How does Morgan record the receipt of the note? Illustration 7-14 Notes Receivable 10,000 Discount on Notes Receivable 480 Cash 9,520 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Illustration 7-15 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Journal Entries for Interest-Bearing Note Cash 1,000 Discount on notes receivable 142 Interest revenue 1,142 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS In general, IFRS and U.S. GAAP are very similar with respect to accounts receivable and notes receivable. Differences are highlighted below. U.S. GAAP allows a “fair value option” for accounting for receivables. U.S. GAAP does not allow receivables to be accounted for as “available for sale” investments. U.S. GAAP requires more disaggregation of accounts and notes receivable in the balance sheet or notes. IFRS restricts the circumstances in which a “fair value option” for accounting for receivables is allowed. In the years between 2010 and 2012, companies may account for receivables as “available for sale” investments if the approach is elected initially. After January 1, 2013, this treatment is no longer allowed. In general, IFRS and U.S. GAAP are very similar with respect to accounts receivable and notes receivable. One difference relates to the “fair value option.” U.S. GAAP allows a “fair value option” for accounting for receivables while IFRS restricts the circumstances in which a “fair value option” for accounting for receivables is allowed. Another difference relates to the treatment of receivables as “available for sale” investments. U.S. GAAP does not allow receivables to be accounted for as “available for sale” investments. For IFRS, in the years between 2010 and 2012, companies may account for receivables as “available for sale” investments under IAS 39 if the approach is elected initially. However, after January 1, 2013, this treatment is no longer allowed. Finally, U.S. GAAP requires more disaggregation of accounts and notes receivable in the balance sheet or notes.

Notes Received for Property, Goods, or Services In a bargained transaction entered into at arm’s length, the stated interest rate is presumed to be fair unless: No interest rate is stated, or Stated interest rate is unreasonable, or Face amount of the note is materially different from the current cash sales price. LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Illustration: Oasis Development Co. sold a corner lot to Rusty Pelican as a restaurant site. Oasis accepted in exchange a five-year note having a maturity value of $35,247 and no stated interest rate. The land originally cost Oasis $14,000. At the date of sale the land had a fair market value of $20,000. Oasis uses the fair market value of the land, $20,000, as the present value of the note. Oasis therefore records the sale as: ($35,247 - $20,000) = $15,247 Notes Receivable 35,247 Discount on Notes Receivable 15,247 Land 14,000 Gain on Sale of Land 6,000 LO 1 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.

Valuation of Notes Receivable
Short-Term reported at Net Realizable Value (same as accounting for accounts receivable). Long-Term - FASB requires companies disclose not only their cost but also their fair value in the notes to the financial statements. Fair Value Option. Companies have the option to use fair value as the basis of measurement in the financial statements. LO 2 Explain the fair value option.

Valuation of Notes Receivable
Illustration (recording fair value option): Assume that Escobar Company has notes receivable that have a fair value of $810,000 and a carrying amount of $620,000. Escobar decides on December 31, 2012, to use the fair value option for these receivables. This is the first valuation of these recently acquired receivables. At December 31, 2012, Escobar makes an adjusting entry to record the increase in value of Notes Receivable and to record the unrealized holding gain, as follows. Notes Receivable 190,000 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 190,000 LO 2 Explain the fair value option.

Disposition of Accounts and Notes Receivable
Owner may transfer accounts or notes receivables to another company for cash. Reasons: Competition. Sell receivables because money is tight. Billing / collection are time-consuming and costly. Transfer accomplished by: Secured borrowing Sale of receivables LO 3 Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable.

Factoring Arrangements
2. Accounts Receivable SUPPLIER (Transferor) 3. Accounts Receivable 5. Cash RETAILER 4. Cash 1. Merchandise In the diagram on your screen, the retailer buys merchandise on account from a supplier. The supplier (transferor) then transfers the receivables to a factor (transferee) in exchange for cash. A factor is a financial institution who buys receivables for cash, handles the billing and collection of the receivables and charges a fee for the service. The transferor usually relinquishes all rights to the receivables in exchange for cash from the factor. FACTOR (Transferee) A factor is a financial institution that buys receivables for cash, handles the billing and collection of the receivables and charges a fee for the service.

Disposition of Accounts and Notes Receivable
Secured Borrowing Illustration: March 1, 2012, Howat Mills, Inc. provides (assigns) $700,000 of its accounts receivable to Citizens Bank as collateral for a $500,000 note. Howat Mills continues to collect the accounts receivable; the account debtors are not notified of the arrangement. Citizens Bank assesses a finance charge of 1 percent of the accounts receivable and interest on the note of 12 percent. Howat Mills makes monthly payments to the bank for all cash it collects on the receivables. LO 3 Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable.

Secured Borrowing - Illustration
LO 8

Secured Borrowing - Exercise
E7-13: On April 1, 2012, Prince Company assigns $500,000 of its accounts receivable to the Third National Bank as collateral for a $300,000 loan due July 1, The assignment agreement calls for Prince Company to continue to collect the receivables. Third National Bank assesses a finance charge of 2% of the accounts receivable, and interest on the loan is 10% (a realistic rate of interest for a note of this type). Instructions: Prepare the April 1, 2012, journal entry for Prince Company. Prepare the journal entry for Prince’s collection of $350,000 of the accounts receivable during the period from April 1, 2012, through June 30, 2012. On July 1, 2012, Prince paid Third National all that was due from the loan it secured on April 1, 2012. LO 3 Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable.

Secured Borrowing - Exercise
Exercise 7-13 continued LO 8

Sales of Receivables Factors are finance companies or banks that buy receivables from businesses for a fee. Illustration 7-17 LO 3 Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable.

Sales of Receivables Sale Without Recourse Sale With Recourse
Purchaser assumes risk of collection Transfer is outright sale of receivable Seller records loss on sale Seller use Due from Factor (receivable) account to cover discounts, returns, and allowances Sale With Recourse Seller guarantees payment to purchaser Financial components approach used to record transfer LO 3 Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable.

Sales of Receivables Illustration: Crest Textiles, Inc. factors $500,000 of accounts receivable with Commercial Factors, Inc., on a without recourse basis. Commercial Factors assesses a finance charge of 3 percent of the amount of accounts receivable and retains an amount equal to 5 percent of the accounts receivable (for probable adjustments). Crest Textiles and Commercial Factors make the following journal entries for the receivables transferred without recourse. Illustration 7-18 LO 3 Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable.

Sales of Receivables Illustration: Assume Crest Textiles sold the receivables on a with recourse basis. Crest Textiles determines that this recourse obligation has a fair value of $6,000. To determine the loss on the sale of the receivables, Crest Textiles computes the net proceeds from the sale as follows. Illustration 7-19 Net Proceeds Computation Illustration 7-20 Loss on Sale Computation LO 8

Commercial Factors, Inc.
Sales of Receivables Illustration: Prepare the journal entries for both Crest Textiles and Commercial Factors for the receivables sold with recourse. Crest Textiles, Inc. Cash 460,000 Due from Factor 25,000 Loss on Sale of Receivables 21,000 Accounts (Notes) Receivable 500,000 Recourse Liability 6,000 Commercial Factors, Inc. Accounts Receivable 500,000 Due to Crest Textiles 25,000 Financing Revenue 15,000 Cash 460,000 LO 3 Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable.

Transfers of Notes Receivable
On December 31, Stridewell accepted a nine-month 10 percent note for $200,000 from a customer. Three months later on March 31, Stridewell discounted the note at its local bank. The bank’s discount rate is 12 percent. Before preparing the journal entry to record the discounting, Stridewell must record the accrued interest on the note from December 31 until March 31. Like accounts receivable, notes receivable can also be used to obtain immediate cash from a financial institution. The transfer of a note to a financial institution for immediate cash is called discounting. Let’s look at an example. On December 31, Stridewell accepted a nine-month 10 percent note for $200,000 from a customer. Three months later on March 31, Stridewell discounted the note at its local bank. The bank’s discount rate is 12 percent. Prepare the journal entry to record the discounting of the note receivable as a sale. Before preparing the journal entry to record the discounting, the accrued interest on the note from December 31 until March 31 must be recorded. The amount of interest is $5,000, computed by multiplying the $200,000 face amount of the note times 10 percent times 3 months over 12 months. To record the interest, we debit interest receivable and credit interest revenue for $5,000. Interest receivable ,000 Interest revenue ,000 $200,000 × 10% × 3/12

Transfers of Notes Receivable
Cash ,100 Loss on sale of note receivable ,900 Notes receivable ,000 Interest receivable ,000 The maturity value of the note is the total of the face amount and the interest to maturity. The interest to maturity is the face amount, $200,000 times the stated interest rate of 10 percent times the fraction 9 months over 12 months. The multiplication yields $15,000 of interest to maturity. The note is discounted for 6 months, the time remaining to maturity. The discount fee is the maturity value of the note, $215,000 times the discount rate of 12 percent times the fraction 6 months over 12 months. This multiplication yields a discount fee of $12,900. The $202,100 of cash proceeds is determined by subtracting the $12,900 discount fee from the $215,000 maturity value of the note. To record this transaction, we debit cash for $202,100, debit loss on sale of note for $2,900, credit notes receivable for $200,000, and credit interest receivable for $5,000. The $2,900 loss is the difference between $205,000 note receivable plus interest and the $202,100 cash received. If the three conditions for sale treatment are not met, the transaction would be recorded as a secured borrowing. $205,000 - $202,100

Deciding Whether to Account for a Transfer as a Sale or a Secured Borrowing
To summarize, transfers of a receivable may be accounted for as either a sale of a secured borrowing. Transferors usually prefer to use the sales approach rather than the secured borrowing approach because the sales approach which removes the receivable will make the transferor seem less leveraged, more liquid, and perhaps more profitable than the secured borrowing approach. First, companies must distinguish whether the arrangement to finance with receivables is a transfer of specific receivables of simply a pledging of receivables in general as collateral for a loan. If it is a transfer of receivables, the critical element is the extent to which the company surrenders control over the assets transferred. GAAP requires three conditions to determine if control has been surrendered: Transferred assets have been isolated from the transferor—beyond the reach of the transferor and its creditors. Each transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the assets it received. The transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. If these three conditions are met, the transfer may be recorded as a sale which means that the receivables are removed from the books, proceeds are recorded, and any gain or loss is recognized. If any of the three conditions are not met, the transaction is treated as a secured borrowing.

U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS The U.S. GAAP and the IFRS approaches often lead to similar accounting treatment for transfers of receivables. IFRS requires a more complex decision process. The company has to have transferred the rights to receive the cash flows from the receivable, and then considers whether the company has transferred “substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership,” as well as whether the company has transferred control. U.S. GAAP focuses on whether control of assets has shifted from the transferor to the transferee. The U.S. GAAP and the IFRS approaches often lead to similar accounting treatment for transfers of receivables. Both seek to determine whether an arrangement should be treated as a secured borrowing or a sale, and, having concluded which approach is appropriate, both account for the approaches in a similar fashion. However, where they differ is in the conceptual basis for the choice of accounting treatment and in the decision process required to determine which approach to use.

Secured Borrowing versus Sale
Illustration 7-22 The FASB concluded that a sale occurs only if the seller surrenders control of the receivables to the buyer. Three conditions must be met. LO 3 Explain accounting issues related to disposition of accounts and notes receivable.

Presentation and Analysis
Presentation of Receivables Segregate the different types of receivables that a company possesses, if material. Appropriately offset the valuation accounts against the proper receivable accounts. Determine that receivables classified in the current assets section will be converted into cash within the year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer. Disclose any loss contingencies that exist on the receivables. Disclose any receivables designated or pledged as collateral. Disclose the nature of credit risk inherent in the receivables. LO 4 Describe how to report and analyze receivables.

Presentation and Analysis
Analysis of Receivables Illustration 7-24 This Ratio used to: Assess the liquidity of the receivables. Measure the number of times, on average, a company collects receivables during the period. LO 4 Describe how to report and analyze receivables.

Management faces two problems in accounting for cash transactions:
CASH CONTROLS Management faces two problems in accounting for cash transactions: Establish proper controls to prevent any unauthorized transactions by officers or employees. Provide information necessary to properly manage cash on hand and cash transactions. LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

CASH CONTROLS Using Bank Accounts To obtain desired control objectives, a company can vary the number and location of banks and the types of accounts. General checking account Collection float. Lockbox accounts Imprest bank accounts LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

The Imprest Petty Cash System
CASH CONTROLS The Imprest Petty Cash System To pay small amounts for miscellaneous expenses. Steps: Record $300 transfer of funds to petty cash: Petty Cash 300 Cash 300 The petty cash custodian obtains signed receipts from each individual to whom he or she pays cash. LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

CASH CONTROLS The Imprest Petty Cash System Steps: Custodian receives a company check to replenish the fund. Office Supplies Expense 42 Postage Expense 53 Entertainment Expense 76 Cash Over and Short 2 Cash 173 LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

CASH CONTROLS The Imprest Petty Cash System Steps: If the company decides that the amount of cash in the petty cash fund is excessive by $50, it lowers the fund balance as follows. Cash 50 Petty cash 50 LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

Physical Protection of Cash Balances
CASH CONTROLS Physical Protection of Cash Balances Company should Minimize the cash on hand. Only have on hand petty cash and current day’s receipts. Keep funds in a vault, safe, or locked cash drawer. Transmit each day’s receipts to the bank as soon as practicable. Periodically prove (reconcile) the balance shown in the general ledger. LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

Reconciliation of Bank Balances
CASH CONTROLS Reconciliation of Bank Balances Schedule explaining any differences between the bank’s and the company’s records of cash. Reconciling Items: Deposits in transit. Outstanding checks. Bank charges and credits. Bank or Depositor errors. Time Lags LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

Reconciliation of Bank Balances
CASH CONTROLS Reconciliation of Bank Balances Illustration 7A-1 Bank Reconciliation Form and Content LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

CASH CONTROLS LO 10

CASH CONTROLS Illustration 7A-2

CASH CONTROLS Illustration: Journalize the adjusting entries at November 30 on the books of Nugget Mining Company. Nov. 30 Cash 542 Office expense 18 Accounts receivable 220 Accounts payable 180 Interest revenue 600 LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

CASH CONTROLS Review Question The reconciling item in a bank reconciliation that will result in an adjusting entry by the depositor is: a. outstanding checks. b. deposit in transit. c. a bank error. d. bank service charges. LO 5 Explain common techniques employed to control cash.

Allowance method is appropriate when:
IMPAIRMENT OF RECEIVABLES Companies evaluate their receivables to determine their ultimate collectibility. Allowance method is appropriate when: probable that an asset has been impaired and amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Long-term receivables such as loans that are identified as impaired, companies perform an additional impairment evaluation. LO 6 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.

Impairment Measurement and Reporting
IMPAIRMENT OF RECEIVABLES Impairment Measurement and Reporting Impairment loss is calculated as the difference between the investment in the loan (generally the principal plus accrued interest) and the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s historical effective interest rate. LO 6 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.

IMPAIRMENT OF RECEIVABLES
Illustration: At December 31, 2011, Ogden Bank recorded an investment of $100,000 in a loan to Carl King. The loan has an historical effective-interest rate of 10 percent, the principal is due in full at maturity in three years, and interest is due annually. The loan officer performs a review of the loan’s expected future cash flow and utilizes the present value method for measuring the required impairment loss. Illustration 7B-1 LO 7 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.

Recording Impairment Losses
IMPAIRMENT OF RECEIVABLES Illustration: Computation of Impairment Loss Illustration 7B-2 Recording Impairment Losses Bad Debt Expense 12,437 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 12,437 LO 7 Describe the accounting for a loan impairment.

RELEVANT FACTS The accounting and reporting related to cash is essentially the same under both IFRS and GAAP. In addition, the definition used for cash equivalents is the same. One difference is that, in general, IFRS classifies bank overdrafts as cash. Like GAAP, cash and receivables are generally reported in the current assets section of the balance sheet under IFRS. However, companies may report cash and receivables as the last items in current assets under IFRS.

RELEVANT FACTS The fair value option is similar under GAAP and IFRS but not identical. The international standard related to the fair value option is subject to certain qualifying criteria not in the U.S. standard. IFRS and GAAP differ in the criteria used to account for transfers of receivables. IFRS is a combination of an approach focused on risks and rewards and loss of control. GAAP uses loss of control as the primary criterion. In addition, IFRS generally permits partial transfers; GAAP does not.

End of Lecture 09

Practical Issues in Cash and Receivable: Disposition and Recognitions

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Practical Issues in Cash and Receivable: Disposition and Recognitions

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