1. SCOOP - System For Collaborative Open Ontology Production “A Knowledge Management tool that understands the content it manages.” AAAI-SSS AMKM 26 March 2003 Adam Pease, John Li Teknowledge [apease | jli]@teknowledge.com http://projects.teknowledge.com/RKF http://ontology.teknowledge.com

2. System Overview Formal Ontology Theorem Prover Simple Workflow Language Interface GUI

3. Problem Addressed Developers need to know whether they –Share content with other developers –Conflict with other developers’ content

4. What’s New Using theorem-proving to maintain consistency among KEs/SMEs –Vertical Consistency – consistency among theories used by a single developer –Horizontal Consistency – consistency among theories created by several developers Building on existing SCOOP workflow, coordination and voting support

5. Consistency Support Redundancy results in warnings –Redundacy among developers triggers suggestion for statement lifting –Lifting results in redundant statement being moved to a common file/theory Contradiction results in errors –Users must retract contradiction among his own files/theories –Users may keep contradictions with respect to other developer’s files, at the price of prohibiting further diagnostics with respect to those files

6. Voting Majority vote Author’s vote is a tie-breaker Other weighted voting schemes easily adopted

7. Dimensions of Knowledge FOL Candidate Inferences/ Statements Structured Dialogs Structured Sources English Statements Text Documents Formality Time Person/Source/Domain Knowledge Compartments Knowledge Modules Knowledge Versions

8. Benefits of history  Regression to earlier versions  problematic content can be removed and the system returned to an earlier state  Change tracking  track the evolution of system components  understand why things were done  understand how system must be modified to support other changes

9. System Overview Formal Ontology Theorem Prover Simple Workflow Language Interface GUI

10. SUMO Incorporates over 50 publicly available sources of high-level ontological content Available in KIF (first order logic), DAML and LOOM May be used without fee for any purpose (including for profit) Refined extensively on the basis of input from SUO mailing list participants Mapped by hand to all 100,000 WordNet synsets 47 publicly released versions created over two years (approximately 1,000 concepts, 4000 assertions, and 750 rules so far)

11. What’s in the SUMO? Structural Ontology Set/Class Theory Number Hierarchy Quantities and Units of Measure Biological Taxonomy Temporal Concepts Mereotopology

12. SUMO Structure Structural Ontology Base Ontology Set/Class TheoryNumericTemporalMereotopology GraphMeasureProcessesObjects Qualities

13. SUMO Sources PSL Enterprise Ontology ITBM-CNR ontologies –Unrestricted-Time –Representation –Anatomy –Biologic-Functions –Biologic-Substances –topics –meronymy –topology –topo-morphology –localization –assessment –structuring-concepts –physical-concepts –top-level –social-objects –Quantities –Actors –Positions –Natural-Kinds Ontolingua ontologies –component-assemblies - Gruber and Olsen –product-ontology - Fikes –physical-quantities - Brauch –scalar-quantities - Gruber and Olsen –unary-scalar-functions - Gruber and Olsen –abstract-algebra authored - Genesereth, Gruber and Olsen –kif-extensions –kif-relations –kif-sets –frame-ontology - Mribiere –okbc-ontology - Xpetard –Standard Dimensions - U Madrid, Spain –Simple-Time - Mribiere –Standard-Units - Loeser + Pinto –Agents - Arnaoudova –KIF-Numbers Allen - temporal ontology Pease - Core Plan Representation Borgo, Guarino, and Masolo's - Formal Theory of Physical Objects Casati and Varzi - Theory of Holes Level – verb taxonomy Russell and Norvig - upper ontology Smith - Formal Theory of Fiat/Bona Fide Boundaries/Objects Sowa - upper ontology Whitten - Starter KB

14. Domain Specific Ontologies Finance and investment Real Estate Terrain features Computers and Networks (Quality of Service) Periodic table of elements North American Industrial Coding System ECommerce services Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Air force planning and operations Army planning Ontologies developed outside Teknowledge –Biological viruses –Intellectual property –Linguistic elements

15. System Overview Formal Ontology Theorem Prover Simple Workflow Language Interface GUI

16. Simple Language Example "The dog bites the man" Shows both simple noun mappings and a simple verb mapping (exists (?D ?M ?E) (and (instance ?E Biting) (instance ?D Canine) (instance ?M MalePerson) (agent ?E ?D) (patient ?E ?M))) There exists a biting event, a canine and a male person such that the canine is the agent of the biting and the male person is the patient of the biting.  d,m,e : Biting(e)  Canine(d)  MalePerson(m)  agent(e,d)  patient (e,m)

17. System Overview Formal Ontology Theorem Prover Simple Workflow Language Interface GUI

18. Simple Language Generation Term translation Relation templates –Use C-like printf statements Result is awkward but usually grammatical Preserves deep meaning English (Sevcenko), German (Wulf), Czech (Sevcenko), Italian (Ulivieri & Molino) –Hindi, Telugu, Tagalog, Chinese, Russian in progress

19. Plans Problem resolution heuristics - Knowing which statement to retract –Metrics for statement use –Statement assertion recency –User weighting Proof summarization –Tree-based visibility selection, hide transformations with one premise Hardening –Improved control panel –Testing –Installation packaging

20. Plans Scaleup –How to handle 10 users, 100 users Coordination techniques change Refine the agenda Avoid deadlock –Hierarchical conflict detection Misc –Better voting tabulation –Pluggable voting policy –Inference-based relevance searching