1. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Welcome Juniors Please take a seat in the front and make sure you have a clicker!

2. 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 50:50 Welcome to Who Wants to be an Earth Science Millionaire

3. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

4. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved A: gulf stream D: warm front 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 The rotations of the earth causes ocean currents and winds to form spiral patterns above its surface. What is this called? B: lunar cycle C: Coriolis force

5. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

6. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 A: The area receives little or no rainfall or snow. C: The area is rich in fossils and other sedimentary rock. B: The area has a small seasonal temperature difference. An area contains active volcanoes and experiences earthquakes. Which of the following statements about this area is most likely to be true? D: The area is located very near a tectonic plate boundary

7. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

8. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 A: when the star was born B: early luminosity of the star D: original diameter of the star All stars will eventually become a black hole, a white dwarf, or a neutron star. What characteristic of the star determines its final fate? C: original mass of the star

9. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

10. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 C: water salinity D: wind strength and direction Which of the following things does NOT affect the development of ocean currents? A: water temperature B: beach erosion

11. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

12. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved C: the size of the star B: the absolute magnitude of the star D: the apparent magnitude of the star 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 Many stars are blue, red, or yellow. What does the color of a star reveal? A: the temperature of the star

13. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Congratulations! Youve Reached the $1,000 Milestone! Congratulations! C o n g r a t u l a t i o n s !

14. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

15. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved A: Famous scientists should support the idea. B: Areas of unusual darkness in space must be counted. D: The theory must be modified to include all arguments 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 The theory of black holes is popular, but some scientists say black holes do not exist. What should be done to make the theory of black holes more accepted? C: Definitive data must be collected from a black hole.

16. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

17. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved A: New models were created by more qualified scientists. C: Through the years, younger scientists did not like the model created by previous scientists. B: Scientific methods were not used to make older models. 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 The atomic model has been changed many times. Why would scientists change the atomic model over time? D: As new evidence came available, the model was changed to match the findings.

18. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

19. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved A: Each branch of science has its own set of rules. C: Different parts of the universe have different rules. D: Science can manipulate the basic rules of the universe. 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 Which of the following describes one basic assumption behind all scientific inquiry? B: All natural phenomena obey rules.

20. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

21. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved A: convergent boundary B: ocean boundary D: transform boundary 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 The diagram below shows new sea floor being formed in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. What type of tectonic plate boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? C: divergent boundary

22. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

23. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 C: a decrease in global levels of carbon dioxide B: an increase in global levels of oxygen D: an increase in the number of trees in another forest Plants use carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to aid in the production of food. Plants then release oxygen into the atmosphere. What might be a long-term result of clearing large areas of forestland? A: an increase in global levels of carbon dioxide

24. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Congratulations! Youve Reached the $32,000 Milestone! Congratulations! C o n g r a t u l a t i o n s !

25. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

26. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved A: Their gravity is too weak. C: The planets are too small to attract moons. 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 Mercury and Venus are the only planets that do not have moons. Which is one hypothesis that explains this phenomenon? B: Venus is the moon of Mercury. D: The planets are too close to the Suns gravity.

27. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

28. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved A: when the Moon is lined up with neither the Sun nor Earth D: when the Moon is at a 45-degree angle to the line between the Sun and Earth 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 The gravitational pulls of the Moon and the Sun create tides on Earth. When does a spring tide (extreme tide) occur? C: when the Moon is at right angles to the line between the Sun and Earth B: when the Moon is lined up with the Sun and Earth

29. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

30. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved A: Fossils were brought with migrating humans. B: The remains of living things were carried in hurricane winds. 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 Scientists often discover fossils of the same species on continents that are separated by thousands of miles of ocean. What explains how fossils can exist in places so far apart? D: Ocean currents carried some objects many miles. C: Tectonic movement has separated continents that were once connected.

31. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

32. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 A: Radioactive decay releases alpha, beta, and gamma rays. C: Radioactive isotopes produce heat, which can be measured. B: Radioactive isotopes are large and can be separated easily from other atoms. Radioactive decay is used to determine the age of rocks and fossils. Which characteristic of radioactive decay allows scientists to determine the age of materials? D: Radioactive isotopes break down at a constant rate.

33. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100

34. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved C: a neutron star D: a white dwarf 50:50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 $1 Million $500,000 $250,000 $125,000 $64,000 $32,000 $16,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $1,000 $500 $300 $200 $100 A low- to intermediate-mass star (up to about 1.4 stellar masses) will turn into a red giant as its life cycle continues. When the red giant uses up all its helium fuel, what does it become? A: a black hole B: a supernova