1. 1-1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-1 What is Ethics? Ethics is our continuous search for an answer: Is this behavior right or wrong?

2. 1-2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-2 When Did This Search Start? It all started when man moved into living within communities (the beginning of civilization)

3. 1-3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-3 When Did This Search Start? Man moved from caves to built houses Is it right to take a house some one else has built?

4. 1-4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-4 When Did This Search Start? If not ! Would it be right if I kill the man first then take the house?

5. 1-5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-5 When Did This Search Start? OK ! I will not kill the man and will not take the house… can I walk into the house and take the food they have inside it?

6. 1-6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-6 When Did This Search Start? OK ! I will not kill the man and will not take the house and will not take the food… can I walk into the house without the owner’s permission and just sit in there?

7. 1-7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-7 When Did This Search Start? OK ! I will not kill the man and will not take the house and will not take the food and will not walk into the house… can I just stand at the window and look at the people inside the house?

8. 1-8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-8 When will this Search End? As long as there are new behaviors, the search for right and wrong behavior will continue

9. 1-9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-9 Why Ethics in IT? IT brings new inventions like: www Emails Facebook Cell phone

10. 1-10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-10 Why Ethics in IT? New inventions bring new behaviors: Porn web sites Spam Emails Facebook privacy Cell phone eavesdropping

11. 1-11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-11 What are the Basis for Ethics? This is a search for an ethical theory

12. 1-12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-12 What are the Basis for Ethics? Ethical theory Right / wrong ? behavior wrong right

13. 1-13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-13 Where is the Problem? Ethical theory Right / wrong ? behavior wrong right

14. 1-14 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-14 Where is the Problem? Ethical theory Right / wrong ? behavior wrong right Finding a universal ethical theory

15. 1-15 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-15 What is Ethics? Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you?" Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.” Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

16. 1-16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-16 What is Ethics? Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you?" Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.” "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.” Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

17. 1-17 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-17 What is Ethics? Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you?" Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.” "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.” "Being ethical is doing what the law requires.” Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

18. 1-18 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-18 What is Ethics? Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you?" Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.” "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.” "Being ethical is doing what the law requires.” "Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts.” Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

19. 1-19 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-19 What is Ethics? Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you?" Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.” "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.” "Being ethical is doing what the law requires.” "Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts.” "I don't know what the word means." Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

20. 1-20 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-20 Feelings about what is right & wrong But being ethical is clearly not a matter of following one's feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical. Should a Muslim girl cover her hair? Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

21. 1-21 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-21 Feelings about what is right & wrong But being ethical is clearly not a matter of following one's feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical. Should a Muslim girl cover her hair? Should a Muslim girl cheat in an exam? Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

22. 1-22 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-22 Religious Beliefs Most religions, of course, advocate high ethical standards. Yet if ethics were confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people. But ethics applies as much to the behavior of the atheist as to that of the saint. Religion can set high ethical standards and can provide intense motivations for ethical behavior. Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion. Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

23. 1-23 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-23 Following the Law Being ethical is also not the same as following the law. The law often incorporates ethical standards to which most citizens subscribe. But laws, like feelings, can deviate from what is ethical. America’s pre-Civil War slavery laws and the old apartheid laws of South Africa are obvious examples of laws that deviate from what is ethical. Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

24. 1-24 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-24 Acceptable to Society Finally, being ethical is not the same as doing "whatever society accepts." In any society, most people accept standards that are, in fact, ethical. But standards of behavior in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt. Nazi Germany is a good example of a morally corrupt society. Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

25. 1-25 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-25 Why IT Students Study Ethics? The discipline of information technology is providing a continuous flow of innovations. With IT innovations come user utilization of the innovations (a new behavior).

26. 1-26 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-26 Why IT Students Study Ethics? Are all of our behaviors while utilizing IT innovations ethical ?

27. 1-27 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-27 Why IT Students Study Ethics? How about e-business fraud?

28. 1-28 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-28 Why IT Students Study Ethics? How about software copying?

29. 1-29 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-29 Why IT Students Study Ethics? How about invasion of privacy?

30. 1-30 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-30 Organization of Chapter 1 Dynamics between people and technology Milestones in computing Milestones in networking

31. 1-31 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-31 Technology and Socities Dynamics between people and technology –A society adopts a technological innovation –The innovation changes the society –The society drives the need for more innovations IT Innovation IT adoption Societal Changes

32. 1-32 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-32 Controlling Innovation Rate People can influence innovation rate –Intellectual property laws –Tax structure –Research funds IT Innovation IT adoption Societal Changes time innovation

33. 1-33 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-33 Controlling Adoption Rate People can influence adoption rate –Nuclear power freezes in Japan –Nuclear power advances in Jordan IT adoption Societal Changes IT Innovation time adoption

34. 1-34 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-34 Effect on Society IT Innovation IT adoption Societal Changes time adoption time innovation Right utilization wrong utilization

35. 1-35 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-35 Milestones in Computing Aids to manual calculating Mechanical calculators Cash register Punched card tabulation First commercial computers Programming languages and time-sharing Transistor and integrated circuit Microprocessor Personal computer

36. 1-36 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-36 Aids to Manual Calculating Tablet –Clay, wax tablets (ancient times) –Slates (late Middle Ages) –Paper tablets (19 th century) Abacus –Rods or wires in rectangular frame –Lines drawn on a counting board Mathematical tables –Tables of logarithms (17 th century) –Income tax tables (today)

37. 1-37 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-37 Abacus

38. 1-38 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-38 Logarithm Table

39. 1-39 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-39 Early Mechanical Calculators Calculators of Pascal and Leibniz (17 th century) –Worked with whole numbers –Unreliable Arithmometer of de Colmar (19 th century) –Took advantage of advances in machine tools –Adopted by insurance companies Printing calculator of Scheutzes (19 th century) –Used method of differences pioneered by Babbage –Adopted by Dudley Observatory in New York –Completed astronomical calculations

40. 1-40 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-40 Pascal Calculator

41. 1-41 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-41 Leibniz Calculator

42. 1-42 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-42 Arithmometer of de Colmar

43. 1-43 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-43 Printing calculator of Scheutzes

44. 1-44 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-44 Late 19 th century America (Gilded Age) Brought huge social change –Rapid industrialization –Economic expansion –Concentration of corporate power New, larger corporations –Multiple layers of management –Multiple locations –Needed up-to-date, comprehensive, reliable, and affordable information

45. 1-45 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-45 Social Change  Market for Calculators Gilded age Market for calculator

46. 1-46 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-46 Calculator Adoptions Fierce competition in calculator market –Continuous improvements in size, speed, ease of use –Sales increased rapidly

47. 1-47 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-47 Calculator Adoptions calculator adoption Societal Changes

48. 1-48 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-48 Calculator Adoptions  Social Change “Deskilling” and feminization of bookkeeping –People of average ability quite productive –Calculators 6  faster than adding by hand –Wages dropped –Women replaced men

49. 1-49 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-49 Cash Register Store owners of late 1800s faced problems –Keeping accurate sales records for department stores –Preventing steeling (by workers) Response to problem: invention of cash register

50. 1-50 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-50 Cash Register invention of cash register –Created printed, itemized receipts –Maintained printed log of transactions –Rang bell every time drawer was opened

51. 1-51 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-51 Data-processing Systems Data-processing system –Receives input data –Performs one or more calculations –Produces output data Punched cards –Stored input data and intermediate results –Stored output –Stored programs on most complicated systems

52. 1-52 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-52 First Commercial Computers Remington-Rand –Completed UNIVAC in 1951 –Delivered to U.S. Bureau of the Census IBM –Larger base of customers –Far superior sales and marketing organization –Greater investment in research and development –Dominated mainframe market by mid-1960s

53. 1-53 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-53 Programming Languages Assembly language –Symbolic representations of machine instructions –Programs just as long as machine language programs FORTRAN –First higher-level language (shorter programs) –Designed for scientific applications COBOL –U.S. Department of Defense standard –Designed for business applications

54. 1-54 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-54 Time-Sharing Systems and BASIC Time-Sharing Systems –Divide computer time among multiple users –Users connect to computer via terminals –Cost of ownership spread among more people –Gave many more people access to computers BASIC –Developed at Dartmouth College –Simple, easy-to-learn programming language –Popular language for teaching programming

55. 1-55 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-55 Transistor Replacement for vacuum tube Invented at Bell Labs (1948) Semiconductor –Faster –Cheaper –More reliable –More energy-efficient

56. 1-56 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-56 Integrated Circuit Semiconductor containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors Invented at Fairchild Semiconductor and Texas Instruments Advantages over parts they replaced –Smaller –Faster –More reliable –Less expensive

57. 1-57 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-57 Microprocessor Computer inside a single semiconductor chip Invented in 1970 at Intel Made personal computers practical

58. 1-58 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-58 Personal Computer Altair 8800 –Gates and Allen created BASIC interpreter –Interpreter pirated at Homebrew Computer Club meeting Personal computers become popular –Apple Computer: Apple II –Tandy Corporation: TRS 80 Developments draw businesses to personal computers –Computer spreadsheet program: VisiCalc –IBM launches IBM PC

59. 1-59 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-59 Milestones in Networking Discoveries in electromagnetism (early 1800s) Telegraph (1844) Telephone (1876) Typewriter and teletype (1873, 1908) Radio (1895) Television (1927)

60. 1-60 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-60 Milestones in Networking (1/2) Remote computing (1940) ARPANET (1969) Email (1972) Internet (1983) NSFNET Broadband

61. 1-61 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-61 Electricity and Electromagnetism Volta invents battery (1799) Oersted shows electricity creates magnetic field (1820) Sturgeon constructs electromagnet (1825) Henry uses electromagnetism to communicate (1830)

62. 1-62 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-62 Telegraph (1844) U.S. government funded first line –40 miles from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore –Built by Samuel Morse in 1843-1844 Private networks flourished –12,000 miles of lines in 1850 –Transcontinental line in 1861 put Pony Express out of business –200,000 miles of lines by 1877 Technology proved versatile –Fire alarm boxes –Police call boxes

63. 1-63 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-63 Telephone (1876) Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) –Constructed harmonic telegraph –Leveraged concept into first telephone Social impact of telephone –Blurred public life / private life boundary –Eroded traditional social hierarchies –Reduced privacy –Enabled first “online” communities

64. 1-64 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-64 Typewriter and Teletype Typewriter (1873) –Individual production of “type set” documents –Common in offices by 1890s Teletype (1908) –Typewriter connected to telegraph line –Popular uses Transmitting news stories Sending records of stock transactions

65. 1-65 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-65 Radio (1895) Pioneers –Hertz creates electromagnetic waves –Marconi invents radio First used in business –Wireless telegraph –Transmit voices Entertainment uses –Suggested by Sarnoff –Important entertainment medium by 1930s

66. 1-66 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-66 Television (1927) Became popular in 1950s –Price fell dramatically –Number of stations increased Social effects –Worldwide audiences –Networks strive to be first to deliver news –Impact of incorrect information; e.g., 2000 presidential election

67. 1-67 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-67 ARPANET (1969) DoD creates ARPA in late 1950s Decentralized design to improve survivability Packet-switching replaces circuit switching

68. 1-68 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-68 Email (1972) Creation –Tomlinson at BBN writes software to send, receive email messages –Roberts creates email utility Current status –One of world’s most important communication technologies –Billions of messages sent in U.S. every day

69. 1-69 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-69 Internet (1983) Kahn conceives of open architecture networking Cerf and Kahn design TCP/IP protocol Internet: network of networks communicating using TCP/IP

70. 1-70 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-70 Gutenberg’s Printing Press Based on movable metal type Church principal customer of early publishers Powerful mass communication tool Printing press’s impact on Reformation –More than 300,000 copies of Luther’s publications –Protestants out-published Catholics by 10-to-1 in the middle 16 th century