1. Chapter 9 Remnants of Rock and Ice Asteroids, Comets, and Pluto

2. 9.3 Pluto: Lone Dog or Part of a Pack? Our Goals for Learning What is Pluto like? Is Pluto a planet or a Kuiper belt comet?

3. Pluto: the exception Not a gas giant like the other outer planets. Has a very elliptical, inclined orbit. By far the smallest planet, and smaller than several moons. Has a surprisingly large moon Charon, probably formed by a huge comet collision with Pluto. Has 4 other much smaller ‘moons’

4. Pluto will never collide with Neptune because of a 3:2 orbital resonance.

5. What is Pluto like? It has a thin nitrogen atmosphere that will refreeze onto the surface as Pluto’s orbit takes it farther from the Sun. Pluto is the largest Solar System object that has not been visited by spacecraft. LINK

6. HST’s view of Pluto & Charon

7. Brightness variations during eclipsing orbits showed dirty ice - like comets.

8. Is Pluto a planet or a Kuiper Belt comet?

9. Pluto is well beyond Neptune, in the Kuiper Belt. Inclined orbit is typical of Kuiper Belt comets. –LINKLINK Composition is typical of Kuiper Belt comets, but not any of the other planets.

10. Is Pluto a planet or a Kuiper Belt comet? Kuiper Belt objects have been found that approach Pluto’s size. Kuiper Belt comets have similar orbital resonances with Neptune. Kuiper Belt comets can have moons. Triton (a captured moon) is even larger than Pluto.

11. 9.4 Cosmic Collisions: small bodies vs. the planets Our Goals for Learning Have we ever witnessed a major impact? Did an impact kill the dinosaurs? Is the impact threat a real danger or just media hype? How do other planets affect impact rates and life on Earth?

12. Have we ever witnessed a major impact?

13. Comet SL9 caused a string of violent impacts on Jupiter in 1994, reminding us that catastrophic collisions still happen. Tidal forces tore it apart during previous encounter with Jupiter

14. Chain of craters on Callisto, of another comet torn apart by tidal forces from Jupiter.

16. Impact plume rises high above Jupiter’s surface

20. Did an impact kill the dinosaurs?

21. Mass Extinctions Large dips in total species diversity in the fossil record. The most recent was 65 million years ago, ending the reign of the dinosaurs. Was it caused by an impact? How would it have happened?

22. Dinosaur fossils in lower rock layers No dinosaur fossils in these rock layers Thin layer containing iridium from impactor

23. Iridium - evidence of an impact Iridium is very rare in Earth surface rocks but often found in meteorites. Luis and Walter Alvarez found a worldwide layer containing iridium, laid down 65 million years ago.

24. Comet or asteroid about 10km in diameter approaches Earth

29. An iridium-rich sediment layer and an impact crater on the Mexican coast show that a large impact occurred at the time the dinosaurs died out, 65 million years ago.

30. The Impact Threat: Real danger or media hype?

31. Facts Asteroids and comets have hit the Earth. A major impact is only a matter of time: not IF but WHEN. Major impact are very rare. Extinction level events ~ millions of years. Major damage ~ tens-hundreds of years.

32. Tunguska, Siberia: June 30, 1908 The ~40 meter object disintegrated and exploded in the atmosphere

33. Meteor Crater, Arizona: 50,000 years ago (50 meter object)

34. An object 1km in size would produce a mile-high tidal wave This slide is placeholder in case you would like to download and show the movie noted below (notes field).

35. Impacts will certainly occur in the future, and while the chance of a major impact in our lifetimes is small, the effects could be devastating.

36. The asteroid with our name on it We haven’t seen it yet. Deflection is more probable with years of advance warning. Control is critical: breaking a big asteroid into a bunch of little asteroids is unlikely to help. We get less advance warning of a killer comet…

37. What are we doing about it? Stay tuned to http://impact.arc.nasa.gov

38. Jovian planets determine where asteroids and comets are today They might protect Earth from most of bombardment Fig 9.20

39. What have we learned? Have we ever witnessed a major impact? In 1994, we observed the impacts of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 on Jupiter. The comet had fragmented into a string of individual nuclei, so there was a string of impacts that left Jupiter’s atmosphere scarred for months

40. What have we learned? Did an impact kill the dinosaurs? We are not certain whether an impact was the sole cause, but a major impact clearly coincided with the mass extinction in which the dinosaurs died out, about 65 million years ago. Sediments from the time show clear evidence of an impact, and an impact crater of the right age has been found near the coast of Mexico.

41. What have we learned? Is the impact threat a real danger or just media hype? Impacts certainly pose a threat, though the probability of a major impact in our lifetimes is fairly low.

42. What have we learned? How do other planets affect impact rates and life on Earth? Impacts of asteroids and comets are always linked in at least some way to the gravitational influences of Jupiter and the other jovian planets. These gravitational influences have shaped the asteroid belt, the Kuiper belt, and the Oort cloud, and sometimes still help determine when an object is flung our way.