1. Evolution of human Lecture No 530-V

2. „Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.“ Theodosius Dobzhansky

3. Time scheme of Evolution Precambrian era 4.6 billion years ago 4.0 billion years ago 3.5 billion years ago 2.5 billion years ago 1.5 billion years ago multicellular eukaryotes unicellular eukaryotes prokaryotes

4. Time scheme of Evolution Palaeozoic era (supercontinent Pangea) 500 million y. a. – plants, fungi, animals colonize land (Cambrian period) Mesozoic era = “Dinosaurs period” 250 million y. a. – first mammals Cenozoic era (after extinction of dinosaurs) 50 million y. a. – majority of mammals 5 million y. a. – diversion of humans and apes

5. Plate Tectonics Pangaea Continent Maps

6. Time scheme of Human Evolution 35 million years ago – dawn ape: anthropoid Aegyptopithecus 5-7 million years ago - diversion of the common ancestor of humans and apes 4 million years ago – ape-man: Australopithecus 2.4 million years ago – handy man: Homo habilis 1.9 million years ago – working man: Homo ergaster 1.8 million years ago – upright man: Homo erectus 0.5 million years ago – archaic Homo sapiens 0.2-0.3 million years ago – Homo neanderthalensis 0.2 million years ago – Homo sapiens

7. Time scheme of Human Evolution Homo ergaster

8. skeleton (AL 288-1) Australopithecus afarensis, cast from Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Pari The fossil Lucy

9. Important Characters of Human Evolution Size of brain Australopithecus 400cm 3 =  Homo sapiens 1 300cm 3 Shape of jawbone - shorter and reduced jawbone =  flat face, chin protrusion, change of dentition Upright bearing, bipedal locomotion → skeleton Reduced sexual dimorphism higher weight of male than female: gorilla 2x =  human 1,2x Changes in social life monogamy with long-term pair-bonding – longer care of the young allows better learning and complex behaviour formula

10. Size of brain and shape of jawbone

11. Au. africanus, H. erectus & H. sapiens Height and upright bearing

12. Reduced sexual dimorphism

13. Three Models for the Origin of Human Monogenesis model (“out of Africa” model) – Only the African descendants of Homo erectus, who dispersed from Africa just 0.1 million years ago, gave rise to all the diverse populations of modern humans. All other regional descendants of Homo erectus, including Neanderthals, became extinct without contributing to the gene pool of modern humanity.

14. Monogenesis Model for the Origin of Human 100 000 years ago

15. Multiregional model – Modern humans evolved in many parts of the world from regional descendants of Homo erectus, who dispersed from Africa between 1 and 2 million years ago. Intermediate model - Modern humans may be the result of a migration out of Africa as well as some genetic contribution from non-African archaic groups. Three Models for the Origin of Human

16. Multiregional Model for the Origin of Human 1-2 million years ago

17. Proofs: mitochondrial DNA divergence – greater genetic diversity within African populations studies of DNA from the Y chromosome Recent DNA evidence suggests that several haplotypes of Neanderthal origin are present among all non-African populations

18. Mitochondrial Eve Comparison of neutral mutations could explain differences on possible relationship between different human populations. Homo sapiens originated from a small group of females (or only one female) – such called „mitochondrial Eve“, which delivered to us her mitochondrial genes. „Eve“ lived in Africa. It supports the hypothesis, that the whole mankind originated from only one ancestor (i.e. „out-of-Africa theory).

19. Three Major Stages of cultural Evolution The first stage began with nomads who hunted and gathered food on the African grasslands 2 million years ago. They made tools, organized communal activities, and divided labor. The second stage came with the development of agriculture in Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas about 10 000 - 15 000 years ago. Along with agriculture came permanent settlements and the first cities. The third stage, the Industrial Revolution, began in the 18th century. –Through all this cultural evolution we have not changed biologically in any significant way. –Our know-how is stored not in our genes but in the cumulative product of hundreds of generations of human experience, passed along by parents, teachers, books, and, most recently, by electronic means.

20. Evolution of Human and Modern Medicine Explanation of civilization diseases: Obesity Immunity disorders – allergy autoimmunity tumors - leukemia

21. Primeval human In close contact with nature Frequent change of dwelling Exposed to frequent infection stimuli (infection the most frequent cause of death) - Extreme physical activity - Alternation of satiety period with starving period

23. Australopithecus afarensis

24. Homo erectus

25. Homo neanderthalensis

26. Literature Biology, eighth edition, Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece Pearson International Edition, 2008 Unit five: The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity Chapter 34: Vertebrates: Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion pages 728 – 733

27. Thank you for your attention and have a fun with the Croods or the Quest for fire

29. Out-of-Africa Theory

30. Pelvis and feed