1. CHAPTER 3: Language Development Among Children of Linguistic Diversity Modified by Dr. Laura Taddei Language Development in Early Childhood Education Fourth Edition Beverly W. Otto

2. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-2 Culture and Language Complex relationships between culture and language Sapir-Whorf hypothesis – the way we think and view our world is determined by our language Culture-specific language forms Sociolinguistics – relationship between linguistic behavior and social situations, roles, and functions

3. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-3 What other differences can you think of between cultures and language? Discuss the patterns of interactions discussed in chapter 2 and how they may differ? How do you think social roles might differ between adults and children depending on culture? What else?

4. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-4 Cultural Context of Families and Language Development Ethnography(participant observation in real life situations – focusing on social and cultural factors) Heath’s research Family “talkativeness” – the more talking in the family, the higher level of language development in children Hart and Risley’s research Page 61

5. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-5 Socialization Mismatch Theory Hypothesis that children are more likely to succeed in school when they are in an environment where socialization patterns are similar between their home and school. Ways patterns may differ: Amount of talk Participation of young children as conversation partners Opportunities children have to explain or give personal interpretation of events Types of questions asked of children during storybook sharing Forms of narrative that are used (fiction, nonfiction, ongoing narratives)

6. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-6 Implications for the Classroom Enhance language development Encourage development of linguistic flexibility so children can communicate in a wide variety of settings.

7. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-7 Language Diversity: Overview Differences in Dialects Registers Languages

8. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-8 Idiomatic Expressions Activity Languages and dialects reflect the settings and cultures in which they are used Idiomatic expressions are fixed phrases of words whose meaning is derived holistically rather than literally Examples: Dish it out; play it by ear; toot one’s horn; put his foot in his mouth Any others? Why might this be confusing for an English Language Learner

9. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-9 Dialects Specialized variations of a language Cultural, social and geographic influences Distinct systematic features Phonological: creek or crick Semantic: drinking fountain or bubbler Syntactic: I don’t got no help or I have no time to help Morphemic: gonna or goin/going to going Pragmatic

10. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-10 Examples of Dialects Standard American English Regional differences (Southern Dialect to a Northern Dialect) African American English or BE (Black English) Regional difference See Table 3.1 page 65 Implication: Encourage linguistic flexibility and bidialectism; teachers must recognize and value the dialect/home language of every child

11. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-11 Language Registers Specific ways of using language differently in different settings Conversations Dramatic play Social routines Classroom discourse

12. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-12 Academic English Register Language used in specific ways for specific purposes in academic settings Features Semantic Syntactic Morphemic Pragmatic

13. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-13 Importance of Academic English Register Language of instruction Related to academic achievement “Language of power” (Delpit) – used in many government and corporate environments Teacher’s role – encourage children to examine their use of language in different settings.

14. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-14 Second Language Acquisition Challenges for educators to provide children with opportunities to Learn knowledge and skills Develop language competencies

15. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-15 Becoming Bilingual Simultaneous bilingualism Successive bilingualism Language interference Code mixing Code switching

16. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-16 Activity – Small Group Group 1 – Benefits of bilingualism Group 2- Challenges faced by second language learners Group 3 – Factors influencing second language acquisition Group 4 – Conversational proficiency and Academic Language Proficiency needed

17. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-17 Benefits of Bilingualism Higher levels of metalinguistic awareness Greater and earlier awareness of language structure Wider perspectives Increased social skills

18. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-18 Factors Influencing Second Language Acquisition Learner characteristics Linguistic Input Social setting

19. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-19 Activity – Explore the Programs for Second Language Learners Group 1 – English as a Second Language Group 2 – Bilingual Education Group 3 – Immersion Programs Group 4 – Submersion Approach Group 5 – Foreign languages in elementary school/FLES

20. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-20 Programs for Second Language Learners Key aspects Language assessment and Home Language Survey/HLS Focus on language competencies Conversational proficiency Academic language proficiency

21. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-21 Current Approaches English as a Second Language/ESL Transitional Bilingual Education/TBE Developmental Bilingual Education Immersion Programs Dual Language Second Language Immersion Submersion Foreign Languages in Elementary School/FLES

22. Otto. Language Development in Early Childhood Education, 4e. © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 3-22 Guidelines for Teachers Examine your own perspective Create a positive classroom environment Build on first language competencies Create a learning community