1. Biodiversity The degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem  Biome  Biosphere

2. Largest forms of life

4. Smallest forms of life

5. Species Diversity The number of species in a given area

6. Extinction The end of a species of an organism  No longer found on earth  800 plant and animal species in the past 500 yrs Extinct animals Labrador Duck (skunk duck)  1878: New York City  Over harvesting by humans (hunting)

7. Extinct Species Javan Tiger  Indonesian Islands  1976  Human expansion  Food source exhausted (Rusa deer) Bali Tiger  1937  Habitat loss  Over harvesting

8. Extinct species Tarpan (wild horse)  Poland and Russia  1909

9. Extinct Species North African Elephant Egypt and Mediterranean Used as war elephants

10. Extinct Species Passenger Pigeon 1914 North America

11. Extinct Species Dodo Bird Late 17 th century Island of Mauritius

12. Endangered Species Endangered list A species whose numbers are so small that it is at risk of extinction Arctic Fox Arctic tundra (Alaska, Canada, Russia)  Pop. 100’s of thousands  Climate change  Fur harvesting  Diseases from wild dogs

13. Endangered Species Peregrine Falcon 1650 breeding pairs U.S. and Canada: wide range  DDT and DDE (pesticides banned in the 1970’s) causes thinning of egg shells

14. Endangered Species Killer Whale Less than 50,000  Pollution and chemical contamination  Makes them more susceptible to disease

15. Endangered Species Monarch Butterfly North and Central America- migrate to Mexico  Harvesting lumber in the area  Climate – changes migration area  Loss of milkweed plants

16. Endangered Species American Alligator Southeastern U.S.- 5 million  Climate change  Loss of habitat  Hunted for their skin

17. Endangered Species American Bison (North America) 500,000  Disease - Crossbreeding with cattle  Hunting

18. Endangered Species African and Asian Elephants 450,000-700,000 African 35,000-40,000 Asian  Habitat loss  Tusk harvesting

19. Endangered Species California Condor 279 : 130 have been reintroduced into the wild Western U.S., Mexico, Canada  Lead poisoning  Electrocution on power lines  Poaching

20. Endangered Species Mountain Gorilla 700 Virunga mountain region (East Africa)  Habitat loss due to human population growth  Disease  Poaching

21. Endangered Species Woodland Caribou Alaska, Canada, British Columbia, Washington 2000  Habitat loss  Climate change

22. Endangered Species Black Rhino: 2,400 White Rhino: 7,500 Sumatran Rhino: 400 Javan Rhino: fewer than 100 Indian Rhino: more than 2,000  Poaching for horns

23. Endangered Species Ocelot North and South America 800,000 – 1.25 million  Habitat destruction  Fur harvesting 

24. Endangered Species Chimpanzee 100,000 – 200,000 African continent  Habitat destruction  Commercial exploitation

25. Endangered Species Giant Panda China 2000  Climate change affecting bamboo growth  Habitat loss due to farming

26. Endangered Species Koala Bear Australia Fewer than 100,000  Habitat destruction  Hunted for furs  Traffic accidents  Attacked by domestic dogs

27. Reasons Poaching Pollution Predation Over hunting Loss of habitat Disease Introduction of a new species Climate change Natural disasters  Hurricanes, volcanic eruptions etc.

28. Endemic Species A species that is geographically isolated  Native to the area

29. Endemic Species

30. Invasive Species A species that does not naturally occur in a specific area  Introduction causes harm to the rest of the ecosystem Zebra Mussels Dyer’s Woad Cheatgrass

31. Keystone Species A species that is vital to an ecosystem If it becomes extinct the entire ecosystem will be affected  Prevents other species from dominating an ecosystem  Maintain balance  Maintain biodiversity  Shape the land

32. Keystone Species

33. Mass Extinctions 99% of all species that have ever live are now extinct Mass Extinction: when several groups of species die out due to a major ecosystem changing event  Can affect land or sea life 1. Ordovician: 438 million years ago  Cause: Ice Age  100 families extinct  More than half of the bryozoan and brachiopod species extinct

34. Mass Extinctions 2. Devonian: about 370 mya  Cause: Global climate change: Ice Age or Warming Period  19% of animal families extinct (mostly Aquatic) 3. Permian: about 245 mya Largest mass extinction  Causes? Climate change due to mass volcanic eruptions or plate tectonic movement  90% of all species

35. Mass Extinctions 4. Triassic: 210 mya  Cause: Global Cooling: Ice Age or volcanic activity  28% of all animal families die out  Most early dinosaur families went extinct

36. Mass Extinctions 5. Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T): 65 mya  Cause: meteor impact and/or volcanic eruptions  About half of all life forms died out including  Dinosaurs  Ammonites  Many families of fishes  Clams  Snails  Sponges  Sea urchins

37. The 6 th Extinction 1993: The Theory of the 6 th Extinction  Earth is losing an estimated 30,000 species per year Human causes Only extinction caused by biotic factors not abiotic factors  Pollution  Habitat destruction  Over harvesting  Exploitation of resources (poaching)  Introduction of invasive species