1. Once upon a time, there … Some Key Points Structure needs to be defined by objective, proper scale, and variable of interests; All structural elements are dynamic (i.e., constantly changing over time);

2. Quantifying Landscape Structure: - from realty to abstract -

3. Illustration patch road Reality Abstract

4. Spatial Patterns: Points Continuous Lattice/Polygons

5. Geographical Information System (GIS): an organized collection of hardware, geographical data, and persons that is designed to effectively capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS packages are rater- or vector-based. Popular ones include ESRI’s products (ARC/INFO, ARCVIEW, ARC/GIS) and ERDAS’ products (Imagine).

6. Patch interior AMPI AEI AMEI Roadsides A Land Mosaic

7. Landscape Location: Lat. Long., elev., ecoregion, climate zone, origin and disturbance history, etc. Total area (ha, acre) Patch Type and number Density (Number of patches per unit area) Size (ha): mean, skew ness, variation, min, & max Frequency table (i.e., size class distribution) Shape Fractal dimension Patch interior AMPI AEI AMEI Roadsides 1000 m

8. Size class distribution (i.e., frequency table): percent of the total study area comprised by each land cover type

9. Landscape structure in the Border Lakes and Sylvania (Mladenoff et al. 1993.)

10. Study Landscape in N. Wisconsin Landsat TM cover map & a subscene. The land mosaics with AEI are significantly different from the cover map (D-AEI Model) Zheng & Chen (2000)

11. Patch Shape: Shape Index 1) Where l is the length and w is the width of the patch. 2) Where p is the perimeter of the patch, and A is the area of the patch. Application of shape index in landscape analysis:  Landscape change over time  Among patch type  Among different parts of the landscape  Among landscapes Exercise: calculate F & D of the following patches:

12. Patch shape: Fractal Dimension Where N is number of steps used to measure a pattern unit length, and r is the scale ratio. A fractal will look the same whatever the level of resolution used to observe the object, i.e. a shape made of parts similar to the whole in some way. (Mandelrot 1985) What is the fractal of (a), (b), ©, and (d)?