1. Inorganic Chemistry Review

4. Tightly packed; usually regular pattern Vibrate, but generally don’t move from place to place

5. Close together; usually no regular arrangement Close together; usually no regular arrangement Vibrate; move about; slide past each other Vibrate; move about; slide past each other

6. Well separated; no regular arrangement Vibrate and move freely at high speeds.

7. Composition of Matter Matter - Everything in universe is composed of matter Matter - Everything in universe is composed of matter Matter is anything that occupies space or has massMatter is anything that occupies space or has mass Mass – quantity of matter an object has Mass – quantity of matter an object has Weight – pull of gravity on an object Weight – pull of gravity on an object

8. Elements Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter More than 100 elements (92 naturally occurring) More than 100 elements (92 naturally occurring)

9. 90% of the mass of an organism is composed of 4 elements (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen) 90% of the mass of an organism is composed of 4 elements (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen) Each element unique chemical symbol Each element unique chemical symbol Consists of 1-2 lettersConsists of 1-2 letters First letter is always capitalizedFirst letter is always capitalized

10. Atoms The simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element The simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element Properties of atoms determine the structure and properties of the matter they compose Properties of atoms determine the structure and properties of the matter they compose Our understanding of the structure of atoms based on scientific models, not observation Our understanding of the structure of atoms based on scientific models, not observation

11. The Nucleus Central core Central core Consists of positive charged protons and neutral neutrons Consists of positive charged protons and neutral neutrons Positively charged Positively charged Contains most of the mass of the atom Contains most of the mass of the atom

12. The Protons All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons Number of protons called the atomic number Number of protons called the atomic number Number of protons balanced by an equal number of negatively charged electrons Number of protons balanced by an equal number of negatively charged electrons

13. The Neutrons The number varies slightly among atoms of the same element The number varies slightly among atoms of the same element Different number of neutrons produces isotopes of the same element Different number of neutrons produces isotopes of the same element

14. Atomic Mass Protons & neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom Protons & neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom Protons and neutrons each have a mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit) Protons and neutrons each have a mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit) The atomic mass of an atom is found by adding the number of protons & neutrons in an atom The atomic mass of an atom is found by adding the number of protons & neutrons in an atom # of protons + # of neutrons =atomic mass # of protons + # of neutrons =atomic mass

15. The Electrons Negatively charged high energy particles with little or no mass Negatively charged high energy particles with little or no mass Travel at very high speeds at various distances (energy levels) from the nucleus Travel at very high speeds at various distances (energy levels) from the nucleus Are located around the nucleus Are located around the nucleus

16. Periodic Table Elements are arranged by their atomic number on the Periodic Table Elements are arranged by their atomic number on the Periodic Table The horizontal rows are called Periods & tell the number of energy levels The horizontal rows are called Periods & tell the number of energy levels Vertical groups are called Families & tell the outermost number of electrons Vertical groups are called Families & tell the outermost number of electrons

18. Compounds Most elements do not exist by themselves Most elements do not exist by themselves Readily combine with other elements in a predictable fashion Readily combine with other elements in a predictable fashion

19. A compound is a pure substance made up of atoms of two or more elements A compound is a pure substance made up of atoms of two or more elements The proportion of atoms are always fixedThe proportion of atoms are always fixed Chemical formula shows the kind and proportion of atoms of each element that occurs in a particular compound Chemical formula shows the kind and proportion of atoms of each element that occurs in a particular compound

20. Molecules are the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of the substance and exists in a free state Molecules are the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of the substance and exists in a free state Some molecules are large and complex Some molecules are large and complex

21. Chemical Formulas Subscript after a symbol tell the number of atoms of each element Subscript after a symbol tell the number of atoms of each element H 2 0 has 2 atoms of hydrogen & 1 atom of oxygenH 2 0 has 2 atoms of hydrogen & 1 atom of oxygen Coefficients before a formula tell the number of molecules Coefficients before a formula tell the number of molecules 3O 2 represents 3 molecules of oxygen or (3x2) or 6 atoms of oxygen3O 2 represents 3 molecules of oxygen or (3x2) or 6 atoms of oxygen

22. The tendency of elements to combine and form compounds depends on the number and arrangement of electrons in their outermost energy level The tendency of elements to combine and form compounds depends on the number and arrangement of electrons in their outermost energy level Atoms are most stable when their outer most energy level is filled (when it has 8 electrons) Atoms are most stable when their outer most energy level is filled (when it has 8 electrons)

23. Most atoms are not stable in their natural state Most atoms are not stable in their natural state Tend to react (combine) with other atoms in order to become more stable (undergo chemical reactions) Tend to react (combine) with other atoms in order to become more stable (undergo chemical reactions) In chemical reactions bonds are broken; atoms rearranged and new chemical bonds are formed that store energy In chemical reactions bonds are broken; atoms rearranged and new chemical bonds are formed that store energy

24. End of Day One Notes ?

25. Covalent Bonds Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

26. Covalent Bonding In a COVALENT bond In a COVALENT bond Electrons are shared between atoms Electrons are shared between atoms The number of shared atoms depends on how many are need to fill the octet ruleThe number of shared atoms depends on how many are need to fill the octet rule

27. Cl 2 Chlorine forms a covalent bond with itself

28. Cl How will two chlorine atoms react?

29. Cl Each chlorine atom wants to gain one electron to achieve an octet

30. Cl Neither atom will give up an electron – It’s too close to filling the octet. What’s the solution – what can they do to achieve an octet?

31. Cl

35. octet

36. Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets octet

37. Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle

38. Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle

39. Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets This is the bonding pair

40. Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets It is a single bonding pair

41. Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets It is called a SINGLE BOND

42. Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets Single bonds are abbreviated with a dash

43. Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets This is the chlorine molecule, Cl 2

44. O2O2 Oxygen is also one of the diatomic molecules

45. How will two oxygen atoms bond? OO

46. OO Each atom has two unpaired electrons

47. OO

48. OO

49. OO

50. OO

51. OO

52. OO

53. Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative. So both atoms want to gain two electrons. OO

54. Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative. So both atoms want to gain two electrons. OO

55. OO

56. OO

57. OO

58. O O

59. O O Both electron pairs are shared.

60. 6 valence electrons plus 2 shared electrons = full octet O O

61. 6 valence electrons plus 2 shared electrons = full octet O O

62. two bonding pairs, O O making a double bond

63. O O = For convenience, the double bond can be shown as two dashes. O O

64. O O = This is the oxygen molecule, O 2 this is so cool! !

65. Ionic Bonds Some atoms become stable by losing or gaining electrons Some atoms become stable by losing or gaining electrons Atoms that lose electrons are called positive ions Atoms that lose electrons are called positive ions

66. Ionic Bonds In an IONIC bond, electrons are lost or gained, resulting in the formation of IONS in ionic compounds. FK

67. FK

68. FK

69. FK

70. FK

71. FK

72. FK

73. FK + _

74. FK + _

75. FK + _ The ionic bond is the attraction between the positive K + ion and the negative F - ion

76. Atoms that gain electrons are called negative ions Atoms that gain electrons are called negative ions Because positive and negative electrical charges attract each other ionic bonds form Because positive and negative electrical charges attract each other ionic bonds form

77. Summary Atoms want to have 8 electrons in their outer shell, so they will react to other atoms to get 8 electrons Atoms want to have 8 electrons in their outer shell, so they will react to other atoms to get 8 electrons Covalent bonds= two or more atoms SHARING electrons Covalent bonds= two or more atoms SHARING electrons Ionic Bonds= When one atom STEALS electrons from another, then there will be a positive and a negative ion which become attracted to each other Ionic Bonds= When one atom STEALS electrons from another, then there will be a positive and a negative ion which become attracted to each other

78. Questions?