1. FIBER OPTICS

2. Increase in Bitrate-Distance Product Agrawal-Fiber Optic Communications

3. Progress In Lightwave Communication Technology Agrawal-Fiber Optic Communications

4. Waveguide Basics Light is guided by a medium with a higher refractive index (Core) surrounded by that with a lower one (Cladding) Step-index Numeric aperture (NA) = sine of the largest acceptance angle Typically, NA=0.15 for single mode fiber (SMF) and 0.3 for multimode fiber (MMF).

5. Optical Fiber Some Typical Dimension : –Single Mode Fiber (SMF): 8 μm core –MultiMode Fiber (MMF) : 50, 62.5, 85, 100, 200 μm core Index profile: –Step vs. Graded vs. multi-step…

6. Graded index 88

12. Optical Loss Agrawal-Fiber Optic Communications

13. Dispersion Different components of transmitted signal travel at different velocities in the fiber and arrive at different times at the receiver –Modal dispersion: different modal components of a pulse travel at different velocities –Chromatic dispersion: different spectral components of a pulse travel at different velocities Material dispersion: due to -dependence in doped silica (or any other core material) Waveguide dispersion: due to waveguide design –Polarization dispersion: different polarization components of a pulse travel at different velocities

14. Multimode Fiber Limitation: Modal Dispersion

15. Modal Dispersion is critical in MMF.