1. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 1 of xx TP-1 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program ACADs (08-006) Covered Keywords Detectors, gas-filled, scintillation, alpha source, beta source, counter test, counting efficiency, minimum detectable activity, percent slope, counter voltage, source check Description Supporting Material 1.1.8.1.31.1.8.1.73.2.2.13.2.2.33.2.3.8.13.2.3.8.23.2.3.163.2.3.23.11 3.2.3.23.63.2.3.23.73.2.3.23.84.4.14.4.34.5.44.5.7.115.4.1.5b 5.4.1.5c5.4.1.5d

2. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 2 of xx TP-2 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Enabling Objectives Identify 2 Types of Detectors List 3 Types of Gas Filled Detectors Name 2 Scintillation Detector Materials Identify Beta and Alpha Sources Used to Check Laboratory Counters

3. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 3 of xx TP-3 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Enabling Objectives State Maximum Voltages for Detectors Name the Statistical Test Used for Laboratory Counters Identify the Equation for this Test State Expected Value for χ 2

4. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 4 of xx TP-4 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Enabling Objectives State Counting Time for Background Define Counting Efficiency Define Minimum Detectable Activity Identify Conditions that Indicate the Presence of Radioactivity

5. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 5 of xx TP-5 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Detectors Used in Laboratory Counters Gas-Filled Scintillation

6. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 6 of xx TP-6 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Gas-Filled Detectors Ionization Chambers Gas Proportional Detectors Geiger-Mueller (G-M) Detectors

7. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 7 of xx TP-7 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program G-M Detector with Ludlum 2200 Counter

8. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 8 of xx TP-8 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Scintillation Detectors Gamma Detector: Sodium Iodide (Thallium)- NaI(Tl) Alpha Detector: Zinc Sulfide- ZnS

9. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 9 of xx TP-9 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program ZnS Detector with Ludlum 2200 Counter

10. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 10 of xx TP-10 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program System Reliability Check Sources Beta – Tc-99 Alpha – Th-230 Traceable to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

11. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 11 of xx TP-11 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Characteristics of Tc-99 Long Half-Life (211,000 Years) Beta Energy: Average:0.085 MeV Maximum:0.295 MeV Results in Conservative Efficiency Decays by Beta only (No Gamma) No Daughter In-Growth

12. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 12 of xx TP-12 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Characteristics of Th-230 Long Half-Life (75,400 Years) Alpha Particle Energies: 4.68 MeV, 76% 4.62 MeV, 24% Yields an Efficiency Appropriate with Alphas in the Plant

13. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 13 of xx TP-13 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program ERROR PREVENTION TOOLS ALWAYS FOLLOW PROCEDURES WHEN HANDLING SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS!

14. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 14 of xx TP-14 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Setting the Operating Voltage CAUTION: Adjust Detector Voltage Slowly. Rapid High Voltage Transits Can Damage Detectors.

15. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 15 of xx TP-15 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program FOCUS ON THE FOUR Industrial Safety Equipment Reliability (Take Care of Your Equipment) Excellence in Human Performance Intolerance for Equipment Deficiencies (Report Problems)

16. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 16 of xx TP-16 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Voltage Plateau Select Lowest Voltage Setting Producing Counts Insert Source into Counter Acquire 1-Minute Count Increase Voltage 50 Volts & Recount Continue until Counts Rise Dramatically Plot Data Select Operating Voltage

17. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 17 of xx TP-17 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Excessive Voltage CAUTION Excessive Applied Voltage May Result in Detector Damage. Do Not Exceed the Following Values: Gas Proportional Counters – 1900 Volts G-M Detectors – 1600 Volts Scintillation Counters – 1500 Volts

18. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 18 of xx TP-18 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Calculate Percent Slope % Slope = (2 X 10 4 )(C 2 – C 1 ) (C 1 + C 2 )(V 2 – V 1 ) Where: C 1 = cpm at Applied Voltage V 1 C 2 = cpm at Applied Voltage V 2 V 1 = Voltage at Base of Plateau V 2 = Voltage at Top of Plateau

19. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 19 of xx TP-19 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Background Determination Performed Daily Ensure Operating Voltage Established and Set Insert Empty, Clean Planchet into Chamber Acquire 10-Minute Count

20. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 20 of xx TP-20 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Chi-Square (χ 2 ) Test Ensure Operating Voltage Established and Set Ensure Background Determined Set up Instrument Acquire Approximately 20 1-Minute Counts (x i )

21. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 21 of xx TP-21 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program χ 2 Calculation Compute Average of 1-Minute Counts (x-bar) Square Each Count Value (x i ) 2 Calculate x i – (x-bar) Calculate [x i – (x-bar)] 2 Sum all x i Values

22. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 22 of xx TP-22 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program χ 2 Calculation (Continued) Sum all [x i – (x-bar)] 2 Values Calculate: χ 2 = ∑ [x i – (x-bar)] 2 /x-bar Verify χ 2 Within Limits

23. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 23 of xx TP-23 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Source Check Limits Performed in Conjunction with χ 2 Test Use Handout 4 Worksheet Record Lower & Upper Source Check Limits

24. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 24 of xx TP-24 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Counting Efficiency (Absolute) Efficiency = (Number of Pulses Recorded)/ (Number of Radiation Quanta Emitted) Acquire 10-Minute Counts Calculate Efficiency

25. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 25 of xx TP-25 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Minimum Detectable Activity That Activity Which Increases Instrument Readings by an Amount Equal to 3 Times the Standard Deviation of the Background. (Handout 5 Worksheet)

26. HPT001.xxx Rev. x Page 26 of xx TP-26 TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Summary Detectors Source Characteristics Voltage Plateau Chi-Square Test Source Check Limits Efficiency Minimum Detectable Activity