2. CONFLICT AND COMPROMISE in The Bureaucracy

3. Understanding the Bureaucracy

4. Success within the Bureaucracy

5. Dependence on the Bureaucracy

6. Bureaucratic Waste

7. Bureaucratic Failures

8. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? The federal bureaucracy is made up of: –Millions of permanent employees (civil servants) –Thousands of short-term workers (political appointees of the president)

9. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? What do bureaucrats do? –Implement policies established by Congress or the president –Develop programs and policies to achieve goals of laws When laws are very specific, bureaucrats have very little discretion More commonly, laws provide general guidelines

10. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? What do bureaucrats do? (cont.) –Regulate individual and corporate behavior –Buy products ranging from erasers to airplanes –Engage in inherently political activities

11. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? Regulations –Government rules that give government control over individuals and corporations by restricting behaviors Developed via the notice and comment procedure Rule making is very political Bureaucrats listen to congressional pressure; Congress can overturn statutes that give bureaucrats power and Congress controls their budgets

12. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? Regulations (cont.) –Federal regulations affect every aspect of everyday life Gas mileage of cars sold in the United States Amount doctors can charge senior citizens for particular procedures. –Often, regulations cause trade-offs between incompatible goals. FDA and experimental treatment

13. Influences on Bureaucratic Rule Making

14. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? Procurement –Bureaucrats are in charge of government purchases –Make decisions regarding the criteria of what they will buy –Crises often involve inflated costs. FEMA and Hurricane Katrina

15. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? Providing services –Street-level bureaucrats provide government services to regular Americans Job training Disaster assistance Park services Research and development –Government scientists do research covering a wide variety of areas

16. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? Managing and directing –Supervising: For example, the Department of Defense uses civilian contractors to complete a wide variety of services in Iraq Bureaucratic expertise and its consequences –Bureaucrats are experts; in general, more so than members of Congress or the president Experts help create a state capacity

17. Bureaucrats Make Mistakes

18. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? Bureaucratic expertise and its consequences (cont.) –Criticism of bureaucracies Too much red tape Standard operating procedure

19. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? Bureaucratic expertise and its consequences (cont.) –How can experts create red tape and other dysfunctional ways of doing business? Expertise Problem of control (principal-agent game) Regulatory capture Neutral competence as an antidote?

20. History of the American Bureaucracy The beginning of America’s bureaucracy –Even as late as the 1820s, there were only three executive departments –Small size of the federal government was indicative of American’s distrust of government after years of British rule –President Jackson used the spoils system People who had worked in Jackson’s campaign were given government jobs as rewards. Useful for the party organization

21. The Beginning of American Bureaucracy

22. History of the American Bureaucracy No inherent logic in the structure of the bureaucracy Developed in a piecemeal fashion during three major periods: –Late 1890s–early 1900s –1930s –1960s

23. History of the American Bureaucracy Building a New American State: The Progressive Era –Government’s regulatory power increased from 1890 to 1920 Sherman Antitrust Act Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act

24. History of the American Bureaucracy Building a New American State: The Progressive Era (cont.) –1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act Created a bureaucracy built on expertise through merit system Helped to end the spoils system

25. History of the American Bureaucracy The New Deal, the Great Society, and the Reagan Revolution –New Deal programs are those developed and implemented during Franklin Roosevelt’s first presidential term in the 1930s –Expanded government’s role in the economy Debates over this expansion have animated partisan politics ever since

26. History of the American Bureaucracy The New Deal, the Great Society, and the Reagan Revolution (cont.) –The Great Society: Another expansion of the size, capacity, and behavior of the government bureaucracy that took place during Lyndon Johnson’s presidency Congress funded bilingual education. Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act Medicare and Medicaid

27. The Reagan Revolution

28. The Executive Branch of the Federal Government

29. The Structure of the Department of Agriculture

30. The Modern Federal Bureaucracy Hiring and firing rules regarding bureaucrats affect the amount of oversight to which the bureaucrats are subjected –Federal Reserve appointees get 14-year terms Bureaucratic structure is often politically driven –Iraq War: Office of Special Plans uses raw intelligence data rather than expert interpretations of that data when making the case for war

31. The Modern Federal Bureaucracy Executive Office of the President (see Chapter 11) –Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Creates the annual budget proposal president presents to Congress –Below the EOP are the fifteen cabinet-level departments Each department is made up of many smaller organizations

32. The Size of the Federal Budget

33. The Modern Federal Bureaucracy Executive Office of the President (cont.) –Below the executive departments are independent agencies like the Federal Reserve –See Chapter 15, “Economic Policy.”

34. Federal Employment

35. The Size of the Federal Government Number of people serving in each executive department and independent agency varies widely Department of Defense has over 600,000 employees; Department of Education has 4,000. Mission and scope of the departments Budget maximizers: Bureaucrats who work to improve the funding for their agency regardless of whether that spending is useful

36. Employment in Selected Federal Organizations

37. Employment in Selected Federal Organizations (cont’d)

38. The Size of Our Government Compared to Those of Other Nations

39. Public Preferences For Spending Cuts

40. The Human Face of the Bureaucracy Motivations –Majority of bureaucrats serve for the job security, salary, and benefits –Over one-third say that their main incentive in seeking a bureaucratic position was an interest in public service

41. Motivations for Employment

42. The Human Face of the Bureaucracy Civil Service Regulations –Education improves pay –Civil service system has a set of tests to determine who is hired for lower-level positions

43. The Human Face of the Bureaucracy Civil Service Regulations (cont.) –Higher-level jobs are awarded to those who have good qualifications, experience, and education –Seniority helps determine promotions –After three years of satisfactory job performance, a civil servant cannot be fired without cause

44. The Human Face of the Bureaucracy Civil Service Regulations (cont.) –Many cumbersome regulations –Reason for their existence is to take politics out of the hiring process

45. The Human Face of the Bureaucracy Limits on Political Activity –The Hatch Act prohibits federal workers from engaging in organized political activities –Senior White House staffers are exempt from these restrictions –However, prevented from using government resources for political purposes

46. Rules of the Bureaucracy

47. The Human Face of the Bureaucracy Political Appointees and the Senior Executive Service –President appoints about 7,000 political appointees who are not traditional civil servants to the federal bureaucracy –Some potentially less competent campaign staffers are awarded positions on “turkey farms” –Ability to make political appointments helps the president exercise some control over the bureaucracy.

48. How Americans View the Federal Bureaucracy

49. Controlling the Bureaucracy Principal–agent game: Lawmakers must determine how to get the benefits of bureaucratic expertise without giving bureaucrats complete control over their own behavior –Give direct orders –Limits their bureaucratic expertise –Agency organization and monitoring

50. Agency Organization

51. The Bureaucracy

52. Controlling the Bureaucracy Monitoring –Oversight from Congress –Advance Warning Requires bureaucrats to disclose their proposed actions before they take effect –Investigations Police patrol oversight: Constant monitoring Fire alarm oversight: Congress responds to complaints about a bureaucratic agency

53. Controlling the Bureaucracy Correcting Violations –Legislation and executive orders can correct problems –Correcting problems is most challenging when the Congress and the president disagree This is when agencies often have the most discretion

54. Is Political Control of the Bureaucracy Beneficial?

55. Explaining the Anomalies How can the government succeed in some areas and fail in others? –Complex tasks Example: Great Society’s goal of eliminating American poverty –Standard operating procedure is red tape and confusion –Political control problems

56. Explaining the Anomalies

57. Public Opinion Poll Do you generally approve or disapprove of the way the federal bureaucracy is handling its job? a)Approve b)Disapprove

58. Public Opinion Poll Which of the following do you believe is most appropriate to address Americans’ dissatisfaction with the federal bureaucracy? a)Devolution of responsibilities to lower levels of government b)Increased use of private companies to provide government goods and services

59. Public Opinion Poll If television content increases viewers’ fear and subsequent support for security agencies, is that good or bad for the functioning of American democracy? a)Good b)Bad

60. Chapter 12: The Bureaucracy Practice quizzes Flashcards Outlines wwnorton.com/studyspace

62. Following this slide, you will find additional slides with photos, figures, and captions from the textbook.

63. The bureaucracy's responsiveness to comments from business interests

64. Hank Paulson

65. Bureaucratic Effi ciency and the General Services Administration