1. Remember Five Trends in World Communication 1. Convergence/Digitization 1. Convergence/Digitization 2. Demassification 2. Demassification 3. Conglomeration/Consolidation 3. Conglomeration/Consolidation 4. Globalization 4. Globalization 5. Deregulation 5. Deregulation

2. Globalization Transformation of communication spaces and social relations Transformation of communication spaces and social relations Economic phenomena: transnational corporations (TNCs). Top 200 (89 in U.S., 25 in Japan) produce between 1/3 - 1/2 of the world's output Economic phenomena: transnational corporations (TNCs). Top 200 (89 in U.S., 25 in Japan) produce between 1/3 - 1/2 of the world's output Cultural phenomena: texts, representation, identity Cultural phenomena: texts, representation, identity

3. Cultural Globalization Occurs across national borders new political and cultural identities new political and cultural identities characterized by transnational horizontal integration of media which structures, processes, and audience/media interactions characterized by transnational horizontal integration of media which structures, processes, and audience/media interactions in contrast to vertical integration (prohibitions against foreign ownership, restrictions on cross-media ownership in contrast to vertical integration (prohibitions against foreign ownership, restrictions on cross-media ownership

4. Global Media Systems commercial news agencies: UPI, AP, Agence France-Presse, Reuters commercial news agencies: UPI, AP, Agence France-Presse, Reuters TNC's: corporations that maintain facilities in more than one country, planning operations and investments in a multi-country perspective TNC's: corporations that maintain facilities in more than one country, planning operations and investments in a multi-country perspective

5. Global Media… film: Hollywood!!! film: Hollywood!!! radio: U.S. commercial, public in Britain, Canada, Netherlands, community radio but withering support radio: U.S. commercial, public in Britain, Canada, Netherlands, community radio but withering support the Internet: whose rules? developed vs. developing countries, the Internet: whose rules? developed vs. developing countries, dominance of OECD countries in formulating legal and regulatory environment dominance of OECD countries in formulating legal and regulatory environment

6. Some Definitions oligopoly (--istic): occurs when only a few companies dominant an industry oligopoly (--istic): occurs when only a few companies dominant an industry commercialization: when the state replaces some forms of regulation based on the public interest and public service commercialization: when the state replaces some forms of regulation based on the public interest and public service

7. Horizontal concentration of ownership a firm in one line of media buys a major interest in another media operation not directly related to the original business; or when it takes a major stake in a company entirely outside of the media; can result in conglomerate ownership where firms are in different lines of business a firm in one line of media buys a major interest in another media operation not directly related to the original business; or when it takes a major stake in a company entirely outside of the media; can result in conglomerate ownership where firms are in different lines of business

8. Vertical concentration of ownership Concentration of firms within a line of business that extends a company‘s control over the process of production and/or distribution Concentration of firms within a line of business that extends a company‘s control over the process of production and/or distribution

9. Who Owns the Media? Disney Disney Vivendi Vivendi AOL/Time Warner AOL/Time Warner News Corporation News Corporation Bertelessman Bertelessman Viacom Viacom (see http://www.mediachannel.org/ownership/) (see http://www.mediachannel.org/ownership/)

10. Media Globalization new models of media ownership and control (mergers and acquisitions) new models of media ownership and control (mergers and acquisitions) decline of public communication on a global basis decline of public communication on a global basis effects: larger cross-border flows of media outputs, growth of media TNCs, centralization of media control, effects: larger cross-border flows of media outputs, growth of media TNCs, centralization of media control, spread & intensification of commercialization spread & intensification of commercialization

11. Pro-Globalists tends to push stodgy state-controlled media into 'better' media tends to push stodgy state-controlled media into 'better' media dissemination of popular culture into far corners of the world dissemination of popular culture into far corners of the world Western values (individualism, skepticism of authority, rights of women and minorities) can be disseminated Western values (individualism, skepticism of authority, rights of women and minorities) can be disseminated promotes media literacy promotes media literacy

12. Anti-Globalists extension and proliferation of commercial model of media extension and proliferation of commercial model of media media outputs > commodified, does not meet needs of citizens media outputs > commodified, does not meet needs of citizens loss of cultural sovereignty as foreign markets are opened to global market system loss of cultural sovereignty as foreign markets are opened to global market system

13. Crit. Of Globalization from McChesney & Herman (1997) THE MAGIC OF THE MARKET THE MAGIC OF THE MARKET market treats audience as consumers market treats audience as consumers public sphere function is not important public sphere function is not important 'free choice' is an illusion - audiences are not free to choose their content 'free choice' is an illusion - audiences are not free to choose their content commercial media are dependent on advertisers, and advertisers want affluent audiences commercial media are dependent on advertisers, and advertisers want affluent audiences centralization of ownership makes it hostile to dissent & conservative in nature centralization of ownership makes it hostile to dissent & conservative in nature

14. Cont’d: Professionalism & Objectivity Rule Really?, under centralized media ownership Really?, under centralized media ownership Case of Conrad Black Case of Conrad Black Media censorship in Post 9-11 environment Media censorship in Post 9-11 environment

15. Active Audience? Is the power of media firms exaggerated? Is the power of media firms exaggerated? Are people brainwashed by Western media fare, or are they using it 'creatively'? Are people brainwashed by Western media fare, or are they using it 'creatively'?

16. New ICTs Does it open the door to new forms of content and entrants? Does it open the door to new forms of content and entrants? Can the Internet become a democratic mass medium, or is the Internet becoming corporatized? Can the Internet become a democratic mass medium, or is the Internet becoming corporatized?

17. Brief History of Media Globalization- Post WWII U.S. TNCs dominate U.S. TNCs dominate Doctrine of 'free flow of information' was official policy in UNESCO Doctrine of 'free flow of information' was official policy in UNESCO Postwar reconstruction of German, Italian and Japanese media systems Postwar reconstruction of German, Italian and Japanese media systems U.S. Voice of America - largest broadcaster in world U.S. Voice of America - largest broadcaster in world English as the 'official' world language English as the 'official' world language

18. U.S. advertising agencies dominant U.S. advertising agencies dominant Recorded music industry - concentration and cross-media corporate control Recorded music industry - concentration and cross-media corporate control TV: news and sports fare big for U.S. broadcasting and for export TV: news and sports fare big for U.S. broadcasting and for export

19. 1970s global media system profit driven, TNC dominated advanced capitalist nations, particularly the U.S. global media system profit driven, TNC dominated advanced capitalist nations, particularly the U.S. Post-Colonialism Post-Colonialism NAM - Movement of Non-Aligned Nations, criticized current media system for: western monopolization of global NAM - Movement of Non-Aligned Nations, criticized current media system for: western monopolization of global

20. news services; attention to needs of developed nations news services; attention to needs of developed nations domination of entertainment programming domination of entertainment programming undermining of national sovereignty undermining of national sovereignty

21. NWICO Debate UNESCO and MacBride Commission study of global communications and suggested solutions UNESCO and MacBride Commission study of global communications and suggested solutions 1978 Mass Media Declaration passed by UNESCO, called for eliminating global media imbalances and need for media to meet national development purposes 1978 Mass Media Declaration passed by UNESCO, called for eliminating global media imbalances and need for media to meet national development purposes rejected state media monopolies rejected state media monopolies supported freedom of journalists and freedom of press supported freedom of journalists and freedom of press

22. U.S., Britain did not have sympathy for NWICO and UNESCO attacked U.S., Britain did not have sympathy for NWICO and UNESCO attacked they withdrew from UNESCO in 1985 they withdrew from UNESCO in 1985

23. 1980s wave of global liberalization wave of global liberalization TNC expansion, many inter-corporate alliances, international financial alliances TNC expansion, many inter-corporate alliances, international financial alliances IMF- International Monetary Fund IMF- International Monetary Fund World Bank - developing country lending agency, infrastructure building World Bank - developing country lending agency, infrastructure building GATT- General Agreement on tariffs & Trade GATT- General Agreement on tariffs & Trade WTO- World Trade Organization WTO- World Trade Organization

24. 1990s NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement (really late 1980s) NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement (really late 1980s) FTAA (Free Trade Agreement on the Americas) FTAA (Free Trade Agreement on the Americas)

25. Currently Culture and trade debates Culture and trade debates Indigenous cultural protection Indigenous cultural protection Right to Communicate platforms Right to Communicate platforms Exacerbated by Internet, but Exacerbated by Internet, but Digital Divide Issues Digital Divide Issues