1. Russia
Chapter 8

2. A Vast Land: Climate & Geography of Russia
Chapter 8
Section 1

3. Notes Outline A Vast Expanse Bodies of Water Climate
One Country, Two Continents
North European Plain: European Russia
Siberia: Asian Russia
Kamchatka Peninsula

4. I. A Vast Expanse World’s largest country Almost twice size of U.S.
“Eurasian” country: Russia lies on both Europe & Asia
Borders 14 countries
11 time zones

6. II. Bodies of Water North: Arctic Ocean East: Pacific Ocean
Caspian Sea & Black Sea form natural borders between southwestern Russia & Western Europe
Caspian Sea: size of CA/largest inland saltwater body in the world

7. Russia
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Azerbaijan
Iran

8. Lake Baikal in Siberia is world’s largest freshwater lake holding 20% of world’s unfrozen freshwater. (oldest lake in the world)

9. The Volga River is the longest river in Europe & a vital transportation route.

11. III. Climate
Four climate zones: steppe, humid continental, sub arctic & tundra
Western Russia: summers are warm/rainy; winters are cold/snowy
Eastern Russia: summers are short/cool; winters are long/snowy
Most ports are closed parts of the year due to ice

12. Climate map

13. Europe or Asia?
Ural Mountains
Siberia
North European Plain

14. IV. One country, Two continents
Russia lies on two continents
Ural Mountains act as a separation between two continents:
Europe
Asia

15. Europe
Asia
Ural Mountains

16. Ural Mountains
North European Plain

17. V. North European Plain: European Russia
75% of Russia’s population lives here
Mild climate
Majority of Russia’s industry & agriculture
Good farmland (the steppe)
Caucasus Mountains form southern border with Georgia & Azerbaijan

18. Caucasus Mountains

19. Russia
Kazakhstan
Caucasus Mountains
Turkmenistan
Azerbaijan
Iran

20. Caucasus Mountains

21. Siberia
Ural Mountains
Siberia
North European Plain

22. VI. Siberia: Asian Russia
Located east of Ural Mountains
One of world’s coldest climate
Northern Siberia: Tundra & permafrost cover 40% of Russia; taiga in the south
Fishing, hunting seals & walruses, herding reindeer
Few people
Southern Siberia: Plains, plateaus & mountains
Home to Siberian Tiger (endangered), bear, reindeer, lynx, wolf, elk, etc.

23. Endangered Siberian Tiger

24. Kamchatka Peninsula

26. VII. Kamchatka Peninsula
Mountainous
Over 120 volcanoes (20 active)
Part of “Ring of Fire”
(zone of active volcanoes that forms the western, northern, and eastern edges of Pacific)

27. Kronotsky volcano, an 11,975-foot volcanic peak.

28. A Troubled History
Chapter 8
Section 2

29. 8.2 Outline Early Russia The Soviet Era Rise of the Czars
Russian Revolution
Growth of Soviet Power
USSR under Stalin
The Cold War
Collapse of the Soviet Union

30. I. Early Russia A. Rise of the Czars
Czar :Russian ruler with total control over government
Czars ruled Russia from 1500s-1917
Expanded Russia’s borders (page 246)
Westernized Russia by encouraging industrialization
Industrialization: economy relies on manufacturing (rather than farming)
Peter the Great ( )

31. St. Petersburg: “Venice of the North”
Served as capital of Russia until 1917 when it was moved to Moscow

33. II. The Soviet Era A. The Russian Revolution
1914 WWI affects all of Europe
food shortages blamed on Czar
Vladimir Lenin leads political revolution to overthrow Czar Nicholas II *LAST CZAR*
Lenin sets up a Communist state
Communist state: strong government control of economy & society.

34. The 300-year-old Romanov dynasty ended on June 17, 1918 when the entire royal family was murdered. Nicholas II was the last czar of Russia.

35. II. The Soviet Era (continued)
B. Growth of Soviet Power
1. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, called USSR
2. Formed in 1922
3. 15 republics (including Russia)

36. Yellow area: Russia/Green areas: former Soviet Union

37. II. The Soviet Era (continued)
C. USSR Under Stalin
1. Lenin dies in 1924 & Joseph Stalin becomes leader until after WWII
2. Government takes complete control of economy: Command /Communist Economy
3. Those who opposed/disagreed with Stalin sent to prison camps in Siberia

38. II. The Soviet Era (continued)
D. The Cold War: late 1980s
1. After WWII, Stalin setup communist governments in neighboring countries
2. These became satellite nations controlled by USSR-said to be behind an “iron curtain.”
3. US & USSR engage in competition for world influence without any actual fighting (ex. Space Race)
4. Lack of competition in economy caused government-owned factories to be inefficient & produce poor-quality goods
5. Government spent too much money on military causing scarcity (not enough) of food
6. Many different ethnic groups resent/dislike Russian control of government

39. II. The Soviet Era (continued)
E. Collapse of the Soviet Union
1. Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader in 1985
2. Introduces changes such as perestroika & glasnost to help economy:
Perestroika: “restructuring”; loosened government control of economy
Glasnost: “openness”; people allowed to speak freely

40. II. The Soviet Era (continued)
E. Collapse of the Soviet Union
1. Gorbachev’s reforms only cause more distrust of communist government
2. Late 1980s: protests erupt in satellite nations
3. By 1991 USSR collapses
4. Russia is largest & most powerful of all former USSR republics