1. Assessing Constructed Forested Wetland Development Using Successional (Performance) Trajectories Susan M. Carstenn Hawaii Pacific University Kaneohe, Hawaii

2. Why Reference Wetlands? Restoration Strategies Endpoint…target….goal Assessment metrics Reference Wetlands minimally adversely affected by anthropogenic activities the wetland being destroyed as in the case of mitigation old restoration project that has been deemed successful

3. Constructed Forested Wetland Natural Forested Wetlands

4. Why Trajectories? Wetlands are dynamic ecosystems; therefore, static metrics are inappropriate assessment tools. Reference wetlands serve as the target, but can not assess incremental progress towards the target. Trajectories provide incremental targets.

5. Reference Wetland Approach The performance of a constructed wetland (stars) is compared to the mean ( standard error ( s ) ) of a set of reference wetlands (green). Time Quality or Quantity

6. Reference Wetland Approach Success is declared when the constructed wetland (stars) meets or exceeds the reference wetlands. Wetlands developing at different rates are assessed with the same criteria. The time required to replace wetland function is inconsequential. Time Quality or Quantity

7. Trajectory Approach A constructed wetland (star) is compared to the mean of all previously constructed wetlands (green). Success is declared when a newly constructed wetland (stars) falls within the 95% predication intervals around the mean of all previously constructed wetlands (green). Quality or Quantity Time

8. Trajectory Approach A wetland demonstrates suboptimal development…then what? Success is declared when a newly constructed wetland (stars) falls within the 95% predication intervals around the mean of all previously constructed wetlands (green). Time Quality or Quantity The orange line represents the timing of a redemediation action e.g., supplemental planting, fertilization, or understory seeding.

9. Trajectory Construction Space for Time Substitution A chronosequence of wetlands Array of metrics measured once Individual Wetland Trajectories Many newly constructed wetlands Metrics monitored over time

10. Assessment Metrics Canopy Trees Height Diameter at breast height (dbh) Size class distributions (dbh) Community basal area Canopy cover Stem density Species richness Species diversity Subcanopy Trees and Shrubs Stem density Diameter at breast height Species richness Species diversity Herbaceous Species Species richness Species diversity Understory Species Canopy and subcanopy seedling richness and frequency of occurrence Vine species richness and frequency of occurrence Functional group richness and frequency of occurrence Soils Soil water content Bulk density Organic Matter Particle size analysis

11. Assessment Metrics Emerging Properties Hierarchical size class frequency distributions of tree diameters Changes in frequency of occurrence of vegetation structural categories with age Increasing organic matter associated with increases in soil water content Decreasing bulk density associated with increasing organic matter content

12. Assessment Metrics Emerging Properties Hierarchical size class frequency distributions of tree diameters Changes in frequency of occurrence of vegetation structural categories with age Increasing organic matter associated with increases in soil water content Decreasing bulk density associated with increasing organic matter content

13. Results – Individual Metrics Canopy Trees height (r 2 = 0.81; p < 0.05) diameter at breast height (r 2 = 0.80; p < 0.05) stand basal area (r 2 = 0.75; p < 0.05) canopy cover (r 2 = 0.77; p < 0.05) Subcanopy Trees (Ilex cassine) diameter at breast height (r 2 = 0.64; p < 0.05) stand basal area (r 2 = 0.75; p < 0.05) Shrubs and Understory no significant trajectories

14. Hydrogeomorphic Classes Depressional isolated riparian headwater Lake Fringing littoral Stream Floodplain bordering an incised channel www.geog.psu.edu/wetlands/manual/image13.gif

15. Results – Individual Metrics by Hydrogeomorphic Class

17. Results – Emerging Properties Natural Wetland

18. Results – Emerging Properties 18 Years OldNatural Wetland5 Years Old

19. Confidence Intervals Prediction Intervals

20. Discussion Challenges Selecting data collection methods to support comparisons across developmental stages with literature values

21. Discussion Canopy trees height approach values of natural wetland fall short of literature values dbh sites > 12 years old met or exceeded literature values stand basal area only the oldest sites approached literature values Subcanopy trees Myrica cerifera andSalix caroliniana similar to literature values Ilex cassine and Persea palustris fall below literature values

22. Discussion Shrubs lower species richness similar frequency, dbh, and density Understory similar to richness of cypress domes and bayheads, but less than hardwood swamps and marshes. Soil weak, but significant trends in organic matter

23. Conclusions Canopy tree development alone may not indicate restoration success; it suggests that the site is developing conditions indicative of a mature forest. Subcanopy, shrub, and understory community structure is approaching those of wetlands described in the literature. richness and diversity is on the low end of the range of reported in the literature.

24. Conclusions The trajectory approach shows great promise. In spite of the added variation inherent in the space-for-time substitution, highly significant trends were detected. Uniform data collection methods should be established. How much time should be allocated for a wetland to meet a particular assessment criterion?