1. SECTION 1: AMERICAN NATIONALISM SECTION 2: EARLY INDUSTRY SECTION 3: THE LAND OF COTTON SECTION4: GROWING NATIONALISM Chapter 7: Growth & Division (1816-1832)

2. Section 1: American Nationalism The Era of Good Feelings  James Monroe won the election of 1816  Term is used to describe the nationalistic attitude during Monroe’s presidency  National politics is relatively calm since the Republicans had all the political power Economic Nationalism  Bank of the US had been allowed to expire  Many who had originally opposed the bank didn’t like the results of not having one State chartered banks and private banks were issuing their own money No way to regulate them US had to pay high interest rates to borrow money, couldn’t just borrow from the BUS Rising prices lead to inflation

3. Economic Nationalism The country still had a weak national economy. How to strengthen? Three components:  New national bank  Protecting American manufacturers  Improve transportation 1. The Second Bank of the United States  Big supporter was John C. Calhoun of South Carolina along with Daniel Webster and Henry Clay  Goals of the new bank included creating a national currency and regulating the state chartered banks

4. Economic Nationalism continued 2. Protecting American manufacturers  American manufacturing had taken off during the embargo of the War of 1812.  Now British goods were flooding the market and were cheaper than American-made goods.  What to do?  Tariff of 1816 Is a protective tariff, not one designed to generate revenue. Opposed by New England shippers and Southern farmers, but it passed anyway. 3. Improved Transportation  Republicans want increased government spending on roads and canals to help the economy and it passes Congress, but President Madison had vetoed it as being outside the scope of the government’s powers.  Work begins using money from private investors and state and local governments paying for the work.

5. Judicial Nationalism Strengthening the authority of the federal government and the power of the Supreme Court. Court was under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall Key cases: Marbury v. Madison (1803)  Congressional act is unconstitutional  Judicial review McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)  Doctrine of “implied powers based on the “necessary and proper” clause & BUS is legal Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)  The federal gov, not states, has the right to regulate interstate commerce.  States can’t create monopolies

6. Nationalism & Foreign Relations Nationalist Diplomacy  Conflict with the Seminoles in Florida  See p. 243-244  Who were the Seminoles?  What was the problem?  Who was Kinache?  Who was Andrew Jackson? How was he involved?  What about John Quincy Adams? What was the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) supposed to do?  All of Florida ceded to the US  Finalized the border of the Louisiana Purchase. See map on p. 244

8. The Monroe Doctrine What’s the background here? Spain having problems controlling its empire. European countries had formed the Quadruple Alliance. Why?  Great Britain  Austria  Prussia  Russia  (France) Great Britain & the US aren’t happy about this. Why? Pres. Monroe urged not to partner with GB, so declares that North and South America were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” (1823) Heeding Washington’s warning?

9. Section 2: Early Industry Why were canals so important? There had been earlier attempts at transportation improvements  The National Road  Started in 1806 but slowed down by “strict constructionists” such as Jefferson.  By 1818 it had reached West Virginia  Toll roads took off to meet the demand for improved transportation. Along comes the steamboat…. Why is this such a huge deal? What happened as a result?  Canal building  Commercial growth  And then the “Iron Horse”  So we got trains. So what? What are the economic and social implications?

10. The Industrial Revolution Had begun in Britain in the 1750s Key features  Machines replaced hand tools  Skilled craftsmen became unskilled laborers in factories  Home-based “cottage industries” were replaced by mass production. Industrialization takes off in the North.  Not a coincidence. Why?  Geographic advantages  Free enterprise system  Incorporation was easy Issuing stock Limiting liability Key people: Samuel Slater, Francis Lowell, Eli Whitney, Samuel F.B. Morse

11. Results of Early Industry Rise of Large Cities  Factory jobs pay higher wages  Some cities doubled or tripled in size Workers Begin to Organize  1.3 million factory workers by 1860  Lowell Mills  “mill girls”  Labor unions begin to develop in the 1820s and 1830s  Unions are weak at first and can’t really strike  The courts strike down many attempts made by organized labor, but Commonwealth v. Hunt is a success. What did it do?

12. The Land of Cotton Cities are growing, but America is still an agrarian nation. Northern farmers raised enough to sell excess More than 1 million farms The Southern economy was based on cash crops tobacco rice sugarcane cotton!!!

13. “Cotton is King” Why? What does Eli Whitney have to do with it? How does the cotton gin work? Why was this machine such a big deal? Implications:  Economy becomes dependent on slavery  Other forms of industry lag behind the rest of the country  South imports from the North and Europe  Sets up a class structure topped by the very small percentage of wealthy plantation owners.

14. Slavery How were slaves organized as a labor force?  Task system  How did it work?  Gang system  How did it work?  drivers Slave codes Examples:  Can’t testify in court  Can’t own weapons  Can’t learn to read or write Slaves viewed as property, not people Free people of color in a legal quandry… Frederick Douglass  Former slave  Abolitionist leader

15. Coping with Enslavement African Americans develop a culture  Provided unity & support  Songs  Religion  Blends African traditions & Christianity Slave Rebellions  Denmark Vesey (1821)  Free African American  Accused of plotting a revolt  Arrested & hung  Nat Turner (1831) Minister who believed that God had chosen him to free his people 50+ people killed

16. Growing Sectionalism What happened to the “Era of Good Feelings?” Sectionalism on the rise  Missouri petitions for statehood in 1819  Why was this so controversial?  Balance of power in Congress 11 slave states 11 free states How to resolve this issue? The Missouri Compromise  What was the compromise?  Missouri & Maine  How was Henry Clay involved?

17. Growing Sectionalism continued… The Election of 1824  Who were the candidates?  Henry Clay  Andrew Jackson  John Quincy Adams  William Crawford  What’s the platform of each of the candidates? See p. 259. What happened on Election Day?  No clear winner  Goes to the house  Clay supports Adams (why?)  Adams wins!  Becomes known as the “Corrupt Bargain” Why?

18. Impact of the Election of 1824 Creates a split in the Republican party  Democratic-Republicans  Become the Democrats  Allied with Andrew Jackson and against JQ Adams’ presidency  National Republicans support President Adams Overview of Adams’ presidency  wants to leave his mark on the presidency  Takes the Nationalist part seriously  Has grand plans for creating a national university, a national observatory, fund scientific research  Is this a revival of Federalist principles? The Democratic- Republicans think so…  Criticized for being wasteful and extravagant  Sets the stage for the election in 1828

19. Election of 1828 JQ Adams up for re- election for the National Republican party Democrats’ candidate is Andrew Jackson The first “dirty” presidential campaign  Mudslinging  Jackson as a gambler  Incompetent and ignorant  “Old Hickory” John Quincy Adams portrayed as having “stole” the presidency in the “corrupt bargain” of 1824 and was therefore untrustworthy Election Results: Jackson wins the popular vote (56%) Gets 178/261 electoral votes