1. Phrases 11 English Grammar Review

2. Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Ex: Basketball was first played with real baskets. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Ex: Basketball was first played with real baskets. When a prepositional phrase modifies a noun or pronoun it is called an adjective phrase. It tells what kind or which one. Ex: Was Michael Jordan the greatest player in history? When a prepositional phrase modifies a noun or pronoun it is called an adjective phrase. It tells what kind or which one. Ex: Was Michael Jordan the greatest player in history?

3. Prepositional Phrases When a prepositional phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb, it acts as an adverb and is called an adverb phrase. It tells where, when, how, or to what extent. Ex: Early hoops were constructed of peace baskets. When a prepositional phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb, it acts as an adverb and is called an adverb phrase. It tells where, when, how, or to what extent. Ex: Early hoops were constructed of peace baskets. In general, prepositional phrases should be placed before or immediately after the words they modify. Ex: From the stands, wild applause broke out for the team. In general, prepositional phrases should be placed before or immediately after the words they modify. Ex: From the stands, wild applause broke out for the team.

4. Now You Try Complete questions 1-5 of Part A and 1-5 of Part B in your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-5 of Part A and 1-5 of Part B in your grammar workbook.

5. Appositive Phrases An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies or renames another noun or pronoun. Ex: Passengers in a hot-air balloon ride in the gondola, a small basket beneath the balloon. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies or renames another noun or pronoun. Ex: Passengers in a hot-air balloon ride in the gondola, a small basket beneath the balloon. An essential or restrictive appositive is needed to make the meaning of a sentence complete (no commas). Ex: The British tycoon Richard Branson has made several attempts to circle the world nonstop in a balloon. An essential or restrictive appositive is needed to make the meaning of a sentence complete (no commas). Ex: The British tycoon Richard Branson has made several attempts to circle the world nonstop in a balloon.

6. Appositive Phrases A nonessential or nonrestrictive appositive adds extra meaning to a sentence. It is not needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear (commas used). Ex: Steve Fossett, an American financier, is another dedicated competitor in around-the-world ballooning. A nonessential or nonrestrictive appositive adds extra meaning to a sentence. It is not needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear (commas used). Ex: Steve Fossett, an American financier, is another dedicated competitor in around-the-world ballooning.

7. Now You Try Complete questions 1-4 of Part A and 1-3 of Part B on page 37 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-4 of Part A and 1-3 of Part B on page 37 of your grammar workbook.

8. Verbals A verbal is a verb form that acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. There are three types of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. Each of these verbals can be used to form phrases. A verbal phrase consists of a verb plus its modifiers and complements. A verbal is a verb form that acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. There are three types of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. Each of these verbals can be used to form phrases. A verbal phrase consists of a verb plus its modifiers and complements.

9. Participial Phrases A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective. There are two kinds of participles: present participles and past participles. The present participle always ends in –ing. Most past participles end in –d or –ed. Ex: The falling prices were good news for consumers. The improved designs made the automobiles cheaper and more reliable. A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective. There are two kinds of participles: present participles and past participles. The present participle always ends in –ing. Most past participles end in –d or –ed. Ex: The falling prices were good news for consumers. The improved designs made the automobiles cheaper and more reliable.

10. Absolute Phrases An absolute phrase consists of a participle and the noun or pronoun it modifies. An absolute phrase has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence. It does not function as a part of speech, and it does not belong to either the complete subject or the complete predicate. Usually, an absolute phrase relates to the rest of the sentence by providing additional details about circumstances or time. An absolute phrase consists of a participle and the noun or pronoun it modifies. An absolute phrase has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence. It does not function as a part of speech, and it does not belong to either the complete subject or the complete predicate. Usually, an absolute phrase relates to the rest of the sentence by providing additional details about circumstances or time.

11. Absolute Phrases Its popularity waning, the Model T was retired from production in 1927. Its popularity waning, the Model T was retired from production in 1927. Our deadline fast approaching, we realized that we would have to test our solar-powered lawn mower or else go back to our first idea. Our deadline fast approaching, we realized that we would have to test our solar-powered lawn mower or else go back to our first idea.

12. Now You Try Complete questions 1-6 on page 40 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-6 on page 40 of your grammar workbook.

13. Gerund Phrases A gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and functions as a noun. Ex: Skiing is a winter sport. Thank you for listening. A gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and functions as a noun. Ex: Skiing is a winter sport. Thank you for listening. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus its modifiers and complements. Ex: Tim Bereners- Lee is know for inventing the World Wide Web. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus its modifiers and complements. Ex: Tim Bereners- Lee is know for inventing the World Wide Web.

14. Now You Try Complete questions 1-8 on page 43 of your grammar workbook. Write the gerund phrase and underline the gerund. Complete questions 1-8 on page 43 of your grammar workbook. Write the gerund phrase and underline the gerund.

15. Infinitive Phrases An infinitive is a verb form that usually begins with the word to and functions as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb. Ex: Eileen had to goal to pursue. An infinitive is a verb form that usually begins with the word to and functions as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb. Ex: Eileen had to goal to pursue. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus its modifiers and complements. Ex: In 1995, Eileen Collins became the first female space pilot to launch into space. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus its modifiers and complements. Ex: In 1995, Eileen Collins became the first female space pilot to launch into space.

16. Infinitive Phrases A modifier placed between the word to and the verb of an infinitive is said to “split” the infinitive. Usually, a split infinitive sounds awkward and should be avoided. Ex: Astronauts need to rigorously train for space missions. Astronauts need to train rigorously for space missions. A modifier placed between the word to and the verb of an infinitive is said to “split” the infinitive. Usually, a split infinitive sounds awkward and should be avoided. Ex: Astronauts need to rigorously train for space missions. Astronauts need to train rigorously for space missions.

17. Now You Try Complete questions 1-4 of part A and questions 1-4 of part B on page 46 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-4 of part A and questions 1-4 of part B on page 46 of your grammar workbook.

18. Misplaced Modifiers A misplaced modifier is a word or phrase that is placed so far away from the word it modifies that the meaning of the sentence is unclear or incorrect. Ex: The school district is issuing new desks to students made of molded plastic. A misplaced modifier is a word or phrase that is placed so far away from the word it modifies that the meaning of the sentence is unclear or incorrect. Ex: The school district is issuing new desks to students made of molded plastic. The school district is issuing new desks made of molded plastic to students.

19. Dangling Modifiers A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that does not clearly modify any noun or pronoun in a sentence. Ex: Looking around, objects made of plastic fill our homes, offices, and schools. A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that does not clearly modify any noun or pronoun in a sentence. Ex: Looking around, objects made of plastic fill our homes, offices, and schools. Looking around, we realized that objects made of plastic fill our homes, offices, and schools.

20. Now You Try Complete questions 1-6 of Part A and questions 1-7 of Part B on page 49 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-6 of Part A and questions 1-7 of Part B on page 49 of your grammar workbook.