1. Chapter 1: Section 1-2 Converging Cultures

2. Section 1 – Migration to America
Asian Migration
Radiocarbon dating
Ice Age
Beringia
Reasons for Migration
Hunting
Gradual migration, not all at once
Die off of prey forced the nomads to look for other food sources (fish, shellfish, nuts, small game)

3. Section 1 – Migration to America
Four Theories (p.19)
Land Bridge (Beringia)
Northeast Asia along the shoreline
Could more quickly reach South America
Pacific Crossing Theory
Southeast Asia-Australia-Island Hopping (South America)
Atlantic Crossing Theory
SW Europe-Iceland/Greenland-North America
Other evidence suggests possible African migration

4. Section 1 – Migration to America
Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica
Southern Mexico and Central America
Agricultural Revolution
9-10,000 years ago
Pumpkins, peppers, squash, gourds, beans
Maize
Flour (Bread), Long-term storage
Shift to agriculture
Abandon nomadic lifestyle
New technologies
Permanent villages, tools, pottery
Government, specialized skills (civilization)

5. Section 1 – Migration to America
Olmec
First civilization
B.C. – Veracruz, Mexico
Large villages, temple complexes, pyramids, large monuments
Lasted until 300 B.C.
Ideas spread throughout the region
Teotihuacan (Trade network)

6. Section 1 – Migration to America
Mayan
Yucatan peninsula (200 A.D.)
Engineering and mathematics
Calendars, Pyramids
Independent city-states (often fought each other)
Disappeared around 900 A.D.
Farmers exhausted soil-No food-Riots-Cities collapse
Invaders from north
Guatemalan Mayans lasted until 1500.

7. Section 1 – Migration to America
Toltec
Master architects
Gold and copper jewelry
Fell to Mexica
Aztec
Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)
Conquerors
Controlled trade / shakedowns
Human sacrifices

8. Section 1 – Migration to America
North American Cultures
Hohokam
300 A.D.
South Central Arizona
Irrigation canals
Corn, cotton, beans, squash
Abandoned irrigation system in 1300
Competition for farmland – Wars / Emigration
Died out by 1500

9. Section 1 – Migration to America
Anasazi
A.D. (Four Corners)
Irrigation using basins and ditches
Pueblos
Built where streams converged
Kivas
Abandoned due to droughts
Civilization died out due to epidemics / attacks

10. Section 1 – Migration to America
Adena and Hopewell
Eastern woodlands of North America
Woodworking tools (Canoes)
Mounds
Adena (Ohio Valley to New England)
Hopewell
Planted crops, more permanent settlement
Geometric earthworks
Decline after 400 A.D.

11. Section 1 – Migration to America
Mississippian
A.D.
Fertile Mississippi River valley
Maize and beans
Cahokia
Flat-topped pyramids and mounds
Expanded into Alabama

12. Section 2 – Native American Cultures
Southwest
Zuni, Hopi (Pueblo)
Corn was key to survival
Family
Man joined wife’s family
Men – Farmers, herders, performed ceremonies, made clothes
Women – Housework, made pottery, hauled water
Worked together in construction and farming
Kachina
Boys joined at six
Brought messages from gods
Apache and Navajo arrive around 1500, adapted to culture.

13. Section 2 – Native American Cultures
Pacific Coast
Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutls, Nootkas, Chinook, Salish
Not farmers, but permanent settlers
Used lumber (Homes, canoes, art, masks, totem poles)
Fisherman
Inland (Rocky Mountains)
Nez Perce, Yakima
Fisherman, hunters, gatherers
Ute and Shoshone
Nomads (Too arid to farm)
Central California
Abundant wildlife and mild climate

14. Section 2 – Native American Cultures
Great Plains
Pawnee, Kansas, Iowa, Sioux
Influenced by Hopewell and Missisippian cultures
Farmers until 1500, became Nomads (War / Drought)
Followed the buffalo, lived in teepees
Tamed horses for hunting and warfare
Social status determined by bravery in battle

15. Section 2 – Native American Cultures
Far North
Inuit, Aleut
Hunters (Seals, Walruses, Whales, etc.)
Learned to create devices to adapt to climate
Lived in groups
Single family to several hundred spaced miles apart

16. Section 2 – Native American Cultures
Eastern Woodlands
Algonquian
New England
Wampanoag, Narragansett, Pequot, Powhatan (Virginia), Delaware, Shawnee (Ohio Valley)
First to encounter English settlers
Iroquoian
New York, Canada
Huron, Neutral, Erie, Wenro, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk
Slash and Burn agriculture
Longhouses
Wigwams
Wampum

17. Section 2 – Native American Cultures
Government
Kinship Groups
Women in positions of power
Planting and harvesting of crops
Iroquois League
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk tribes
Founders – Dekanawidah and Hiawatha
50 Chiefs on council, selected by women in kinship groups. Appointed for life, but women could have them removed

18. Section 2 – Native American Cultures
Southeast
Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Natchez
Lived in towns arranged around a central plaza
War Towns – Trained soldiers
Peace Towns – Political leaders lived
Women – Farmers
Men – Hunters