1. 8.1 The Task of Respiration

2. The Respiratory System
Respiration: The exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between an organism & its external environment.
The respiratory system supplies oxygen to cells & removes carbon dioxide.

3. Cellular Respiration
The process that releases the energy needed to drive all cell functions. Each cell requires a supply of oxygen and produces the waste product carbon dioxide. The basic function of the respiratory system is to provide a means of obtaining a supply of oxygen and a means to rid the body of CO2. This is known as gas exchange.
C6H12O6 = CO2 + H2O + ATP

4. Respiration in various organisms
Different organisms have different respiratory systems. Regardless of the type of system, each shares two requirements.
The respiratory surface must be large enough for gas exchange to occur at a rate that will meet the organism’s metabolic needs.
Respiration must take place in a moist environment so that the gases are dissolved.

5. Simple Gas Exchange
Most single-celled organisms do not have a distinct respiratory system and rely on diffusion to meet their gas exchange requirements. The respiratory surface is the cell membrane itself, which is moist.
Limitations:
Diffusion is effective over a distance of a few cells therefore organisms that are more than a few cells thick need a more specialized system
Body parts become more differentiated in more complex organisms; therefore the body surface cannot be totally dedicated to gas exchange.

6. The Specialized Respiratory System
Skin respiration
The skin surface of earthworms is lined with many tiny capillary vessels.
Gases diffuse in/out of these vessels and are carried to other parts of the body by the circulatory system.

7. Earthworms Diffusion of gasses occurs through their thin, moist skin.
Mucous & other body fluids are excreted onto skin.
Emerge only at night when the evaporating potential of the air is low.
Light-sensitive tissues near their head enable it to detect light, so they can avoid coming out in the sun.

8. Gills
Some organisms have protective coats that decrease the surface area for gas exchange
Gills are feathery tissue structures that consist of numerous branches. Gases are exchanged across the thing gill membranes
In most gilled animals, water flows only one way over the gills, which reduces the amount of energy needed to move the water over the respiratory surface
When an oxygen-containing medium is moved over the respiratory surface, it is called ventilation.

9. Fish Water enters the mouth & passes over the gills.
The water flows in an opposite direction to the blood (countercurrent flow).
Oxygen diffuses from the water & into the blood.
Animation of fish breathing cycle

10. 2. The Tracheal Respiratory System
It is harder to respire on land than in the water because it is more difficult to keep the respiratory surface moist.
A series of external pores can resolve this problem. The spiracles lead to an internal network or tubes called tracheae.
Gas is exchanged through these pores and moves through the network of tracheae. These tubes come into close contact with all the living cells to allow gas exchange by diffusion.
This system does not require the use of the circulatory system.

11. Grasshoppers Air enters tracheal tubes through spiracles.
The tracheae carries air directly to individual cells where diffusion of gases occurs.
Contraction of abdominal muscles compresses the air sacs & forces air out of the tracheae.
As the muscles relax, the air sacs return to its normal volume & air is drawn in.

12. 3. The Lung
The lung is an internal respiratory system connected to the air by means of internal passageways
All lung systems have three common characteristics:
Moist respiratory surface
A means of forcibly bringing air into contact with the lung surface
A circulatory system to carry the gases between the lungs and the other cells of the body

13. Air Pressure At equilibrium, air pressure is equal in both vessels
If the volume of one vessel increases, the air pressure inside it decreases. Air flows from the vessel with the higher pressure into the vessel with the lower pressure.
If the volume of one vessel decreases, the air pressure inside it increases. Air flows from the vessel with the higher pressure into the vessel with the lower pressure.

14. Frogs Inner Lining of Mouth
Roof of mouth has rich supply of blood vessels.
Constant movements of throat brings air in through the nose & into the mouth, where diffusion occurs.
The air is then released through the nose.
The passage to the lungs is kept closed.
Lungs can also help in water. Filling the lungs with air gives a frog a better buoyancy, making it float more easily.

15. Frogs Lungs Inflate lungs in stages.
They block off their nose, pass the air from the throat into their lungs, close their lungs off & bring in more air through their nose.
This process is repeated until the lungs are inflated.
Once the lungs are fully inflated, gas exchange occurs.
Frog Respiration

16. Frogs Skin Thin & moist. Contains rich supply of blood vessels.
Gases diffuse between the blood vessels & the outside environment.
Glands in their skin produce a mucus to keep them moist.

17. Birds Inhalation Both sacs expand at the same time.
Pressure decreases & air enters the trachea.
The posterior air sacs fill with fresh air.
The anterior sacs fill with stale air from the lungs.
Exhalation
Both sacs contract at the same time.
Air passes out of the anterior sacs & out via the trachea.
Fresh air moves from the posterior sacs & into the lungs.
* Air sacs act as a bellows to suck air into the body, then circulate it in a one-way flow through the lungs
Tutorial 48.1 Airflow in Birds

18. Humans