1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 23, part 3 The Respiratory System

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-7 Pulmonary Ventilation

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs Pulmonary Ventilation

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Movement of air depends upon Boyle’s Law Pressure and volume inverse relationship Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs Pressure and airflow to the lungs Compliance – an indication of the expandability of the lungs Air movement

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.14a, b Figure 23.14 Respiratory Pressure and Volume Relationships

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow Intrapleural pressure maintains pull on lungs Pressure in the space between parietal and visceral pleura Pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.15 Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.15a-d Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Single cycle of inhalation and exhalation Amount of air moved in one cycle = tidal volume Respiratory cycle Animation: Pulmonary Ventilation PLAY

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.16 Figure 23.16 Pressure Changes during Inhalation and Exhalation

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Quiet breathing (eupnea) Diaphragm and external and internal intercostals muscles Forced breathing (hyperpnea) Accessory muscles Mechanisms of breathing

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.17a-d Figure 23.17 The Respiratory Muscles

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alveolar volume Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute Tidal Volume (V T ) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath Vital capacity Tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes Residual volume Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation Respiratory volumes

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.18 Figure 23.18 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-8 Gas Exchange

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Daltons Law and partial pressure Individual gases in a mixture exert pressure proportional to their abundance Diffusion between liquid and gases (Henry’s law) The amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to their partial pressure The gas laws

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.19 Figure 23.19 Henry’s Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.19a-c Figure 23.19 Henry’s Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is efficient due to: Differences in partial pressure Small diffusion distance Lipid-soluble gases Large surface area of all alveoli Coordination of blood flow and airflow Diffusion and respiratory function