2. Chapter 9 “ RESPIRATION”

3. What is the difference between respiration and breathing ?

4. Respiration The transfer of stored energy in food molecules to a form usable by the organism Involves the exchange of gases between the organism and the environment

5. Process Through the process of respiration, the organism produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which will be used for energy

6. 1. Cellular Respiration Involves a series of enzyme- controlled reactions in which energy in food is broken down into energy that the organism can use (ATP)

7. a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP is formed ADP = adenosine diphosphate H 2 O + ATP  ADP + P + energy This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of life

8. Types of Respiration 1.Aerobic Respiration -involves the use of oxygen 2. Anaerobic Respiration -oxygen is not used

9. Respiration Respiration- is an organisms’ ability to create energy. (ATP ) Respiration Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

10. Glucose (C6H12O6) 2 pyruvic acid -2 ATP 2 PGAL (C3H5O3) Glycolysis (splitting glucose) +4 ATP Net Gain:???

11. Anaerobic Respiration Also known as Fermentation Does not require oxygen Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell Glucose is either broken down into lactic acid or alcohol and CO 2 As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of 2 ATP’s

12. Equations for Anaerobic Respiration glucose  2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s glucose  2 alcohol + 2 CO 2 + 2 ATP’s In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced

13. Anaerobic Respiration Glucose 2 pyruvic acid 2 ATP Lactic Acid 4 ATP “Lactic Acid Fermentation” “Lactic Acid Fermentation

14. Anaerobic Respiration “Lactic Acid Fermentation” ****Net gain: 2 ATP **Not very efficient*** **Carried out by Bacteria and HUMAN MUSCLE CELLS (muscle fatigue) **Ever heard, ”NO PAIN NO GAIN?” **Major economic importance to the dairy industry, production of yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk.

15. Anaerobic Respiration Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2 ATP Alcohol + CO 2 4 ATP “Alcoholic Fermentation”

16. Anaerobic Respiration “Alcoholic Fermentation” ****Net gain: 2 ATP **Not very efficient*** Produces Alcohol + CO2 Economic importance to the baking and brewery industries

17. Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Takes place in the mitochondria When we say that glucose is oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the help of oxygen molecules

18. Equation for Aerobic Respiration glucose + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + 36 ATP’s Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATP’s are produced

19. Aerobic Respiration Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2 ATP +4 ATP + O2O2 Water + CO 2 +34 ATP ***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***

20. Aerobic Respiration ***Net Gain = 36 ATPs*** **most efficient ** 2 phases, anaerobic and an aerobic phase Carried out by humans, plants, protists, and a whole lot more.

21. Aerobic Respiration 3 steps

22. Summary Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’s Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’s Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration

23. Adaptations for Respiration

24. TO RESPIRE: inhaling and exhaling… Inhalation = O 2 (oxygen) enters the body system Exhalation =CO 2 (carbon dioxide) is passed out of the body

25. Human Respiration is controlled by? Functions by contractions on the? –Brain and Diaphragm

26. Your Respiratory System Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles alveoli pleura diaphragm

27. Disorders Asthma Bronchitis Emphysema Pneumonia

28. Monera, Protista, and Fungi Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through a thin, moist cell membrane

29. Plants Leaves- have stomates for gas exchange Stems- have lenticels for gas exchange Roots- gas exchange occurs across a moist membrane of root hairs (diffusion)

30. Hydra Each cell of the hydra is in contact with the watery environment and gas exchange occurs by diffusion

31. Earthworm Double Diffusion –Skin –Circulatory System Requires moist skin The earthworm absorbs oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide through a thin skin. This skin is protected by a thin cuticle secreted by the epidermis and kept moist by a slimy mucus also produced by epidermal cells.

32. Grasshopper Uses Tracheal Tubes Air Sacs Spiracles

33. You’re doing A fine job dear….

34. Your Metabolism has two major phases. Catabolism- the breaking down of complex substances. The destructive phase of your metabolism AKA: Anabolism- the building of new substances. AKA- (Digestion or Hydrolysis) Synthesis

35. A process by which simple substances are combined “chemically” to form more complex substances. –These materials are used for growth and repair of the organism.

36. The Borg Ingestion Growth Synthesis Transport Digestion

37. Cells synthesize (or makes) their own proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. use enzymes and energy to synthesize proteins, as do you…. Cells must constantly make new materials for growth and repair.

38. Secretion Some cells synthesize materials that are not used within that cell, but are needed somewhere else. Such products are called secretions.

39. Types of Secretions 1.Enzymes – maltase, lactase, and luciferase 2.Hormones – adrenaline, testosterone, and insulin 3.Neurotransmitters –acetylcholine and noradrenalin

40. 4. Other types of Secretion: Mucus- coats organs Chitin- exoskeletons and fungal cell walls Poisons- defense and capturing food

41. Hydrochloric acid- for enzymatic hydrolysis Saliva Fat- Storage, insulation and protection Like ear wax Cellulose- cell walls

42. Luciferase is the enzyme that allows bioluminescent reactions to occur in fireflies.