1. Myers Ch. 7A

2. EncodingStorageRetrieval

4. Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Outdated, but still a useful starting point

5.  Iconic— 250 milliseconds  Echoic— 2 seconds  Tactile  Taste  Olfaction  Holds sensory information in the raw, unprocessed form  If we attend to it, it is encoded in short- term memory

6.  Automatic processing Describe your day so far…  Effortful processing  Parallel processing— dejavu (theory)

7.  What you do all of the time for school  Serial position effect Primacy effect Recency effect Mnemonic devices  Methods and demonstration

9.  Uncertain conclusions— some argue we convert sensory stimuli into verbal information others argue we convert it to an image…others believe it is something more abstract  Rule of 7  Info is gone in 30-60 seconds if not attended to.

10.  Demonstration #1 Two groups Whatever group remembers the most words wins.  Demonstration #2 Remember the list of words in order Two rounds

11.  Rehearsal—Verbal Best for phone #s, passwords, SS #s, learning alphabet, etc…  Elaboration—visual (or otherwise) connection to something you already know  1) Relatively permanent  2) Assumed to be unlimited  3) Contains different types of memories

12.  1) Explicit/Declarative Semantic—meaning Episodic—personal  2) Implicit—unaware of retrieval (nondeclarative) Procedural--(i.e., riding a bike, tying shoes, etc…) Emotional—love, hate, fear, anxiety, etc…

13.  Memory occurs in the synapse via neural connections  LTP—Long term potentiation

14.  Hippocampus /Frontal Lobe= explicit/declarative  Cerebellum /Amygdala= implicit/ nondeclarative

15. ANTEROGRADE AMNESIARETROGRADE AMNESIA  Inability to transfer new information from short-term into long term  Clive Wearing Clive Wearing  50 First Dates  Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

16. ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE  Context matters!  This is why you stare at me while taking a test sometimes  Don’t study in your bed!!!!!

18. 1) Transience Proactive interference— when information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later. Retroactive interference— when information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier P: proactive O: old R: retroactive N: new

19. 2) Absentmindedness—lapse of attention results in memory failure

20. 3) Blocking—failure to retrieve information that is available—tip of the tongue phenomenon

21. 4 ) Memory misattribution—assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source  New Jersey SC New Jersey SC  Elizabeth Loftus  Eyewitness Testimony Eyewitness Testimony

22.  Try to remember the list of words I read aloud to you.

23. #5) Suggestibility—the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections  false memories false memories  1992: El AL cargo Plane, Amsterdam

24. #6) Bias—distortion of memories due to present knowledge/beliefs/feelings  We remember the good and forget the bad  We like to think of ourselves as consistent so we diminish the memory of change in ourselves—cognitive dissonance  Confirmation Bias

25. #7) Persistence—the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, usually tied to a heightened level of emotion Embarrassing MomentsFlashbulb Memories

26.  Mnemonics  Massed vs. distributed practice  Overlearning  Imagery

27.  Autobiographical Memory Autobiographical Memory

28.  Alfred Adler Present determines past What is your earliest memory—write it down or draw it in detail…  Are memories based on present mood and situation?

29.  What does it mean to lose your memory? Are you still the same person to yourself and to others? Do you still have your identity?