1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM E.C.G. Tutorial 1

2. Calculate Heart Rate. What is Axis ? 2 Normal ECG

3. INTERPRETE THE ECG ? Calculate Heart Rate. SINUS TACHYCARDIA 3

4. INTERPRETE THE ECG ? Calculate Heart Rate. SINUS BRADYCARDIA 4

5. INTERPRETE THE ECG ? SINUS ARHYTHMIA Observe Variation in Heart Rate during Inspiration and Expiration. [Increased Heart Rate during Inspiration] 5

6. ECG Interpretation 6 -Calculate Hear

7. WHAT IS AXIS? 7 LEAD I LEAD aVF

8. WHAT IS AXIS? 8 aVF

9. NORMAL HYPERKALEMIA HYPOKALEMIA 9

10. 10

11. INTERPRETE THE ECG ? HYPERKALEMIA Observe Tall T - wave 11

12. INTERPRETE THE ECG ? HYPOKALEMIA Observe u - Wave 12

13. INTERPRETE THE ECG ? Calculate axis 13

14. INTERPRETE THE ECG ? Calculate PR – Interval. FIRST DEGREE HEART BLOCK [Increased PR - Interval] 14

15. 15 3 rd Degree Heart Block

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17. INTERPRETE THE ECG ? ANTEROLATERAL M I 17

18. 243. A patient undergoes cardiac transplantation for severe idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Upon release from the hospital, the patient is referred to a cardiac rehabilitation program. The exercise technologist starts the patient on a walking regimen. In transplant patients, stroke volume may increase during exercise by which of the following mechanisms? a. An increase in heart rate b. An increase in arterial blood pressure c. A decrease in venous compliance d. A decrease in myocardial contractility e. An increase in total peripheral resistance 18

19. A 37-year-old woman undergoes a CT scan of the abdomen, which reveals a large peritoneal mass. A subsequent magnetic resonance angiography study showed that the abdominal aorta was constricted to one-half of its resting diameter. As a result, resistance to blood flow through the vessel would be which of the following? a. Decreased in half b. Decreased 16-fold c. Increased by 50% d. Doubled e. Increased 16-fold 19

20. A 38-year-old man has a murmur that ceases with the onset of the second heart sound. The second heart sound occurs at the onset of which phase of the cardiac cycle? a. Isovolumetric contraction b. Rapid ejection c. Systole d. Isovolumetric relaxation e. Rapid ventricular filling 20

21. A 24-year-old woman undergoes an annual physical examination for participation on the varsity track team at her college. While auscultating her heart sounds, the sports medicine physician instructs the woman to take in a deep inspiration. During this maneuver, he detects splitting of the second heart sound. Which of the following is the mechanism underlying this finding? a. A decrease in heart rate b. An increased left ventricular stroke volume c. Delayed closing of the aortic valve d. Delayed opening of the mitral valve e. Delayed closing of the pulmonic valve 21

22. A 19-year-old male severs an artery in a motorcycle accident. A bystander applies a tourniquet to stop the bleeding. When the paramedics arrive, the blood pressure of the injured man was only slightly hypotensive and his pupils were reactive. The greatest percentage of the redistributed blood volume came from which of the following? a. Heart b. Aorta c. Arteries and arterioles d. Capillaries e. Venules and veins 22

23. The phases of the ventricular muscle action potential are represented by the lettered points on the diagram below. At which point on the ventricular action potential is membrane potential most dependent on calcium permeability? a. Point A b. Point B c. Point C d. Point D e. Point E 23

24. In the pressure-volume loop below, systole begins at which of the following points? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 24

25. At which of the following sites in the cardiovascular system does the blood flow lose the greatest amount of energy? a. Mitral valve b. Large arteries c. Arterioles d. Capillaries e. Venules 25

26. THANK YOU 26