1. Memory & Cognition

2. Memory Learning that has persisted over time Information that can be retrieved

3. 3 Key Processes in Memory

4. How We Remember

5. Encoding Automatic Processing Parallel processing Space (where you lost your backpack) Time (when you lost your back pack) Frequency (running into someone multiple times) Effortful Processing Rehearsal—conscious repetition Massed practice Distributed study

6. What We Encode Visual—what we see Acoustic—what we hear Semantic—what we understand

7. Effectiveness

8. An Example The procedure Is actually quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do…. After the procedure is completed one arranges the materials into different groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more and the whole cycle will then have to be repeated. However, that is part of life.

9. More Encoding Tips Elaboration—make connections Visual imagery (harder to remember abstract concepts) Self-reference effect Dual encoding is more effective Mnemonic devices—memory aids Chunking (ROY G BIV & 708-434-3472) Hierarchies (Chapters in this book)

10. Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory Storage

11. Storage Sensory Memory Iconic—a picture that lasts ¼ of a second Echoic—an echo that lasts 3-4 seconds Working/Short-term Memory 10-20 seconds 7 + or – 2 (Miller’s Law) Long-term Memory Limitless

12. Improving your Memory http://youtu.be/6vsYCSmBcM0

13. Amazing Memory Feats http://youtu.be/t2uRuFgZSDc

14. How Do We Store Memories Synaptic Changes called Long-term Potentiation An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation One Receptor Site Multiple Receptor Sites

15. Memory & Emotion Strong emotion aides in forming memories Flashbulb memories Clear memories of significant events Extreme stress can suppress the creation of new memories and also block existing memories Giving a presentation when your mind goes blank and then not remembering anything you said during the presentation

16. Types of Long-term Memory Explicit (Declarative) I can declare (tell) you what I know Processed in the hippocampus Facts & Personally experienced events E.g.—explaining long-term potentiation Implicit (Non-declarative or procedural) No conscious recall—I can show you but I can’t tell you Processed in other areas of the brain including the cerebellum Skills & Classical Conditioning E.g.—exhaling at the sound of the tone

17. Retrieval Recall Essay or fill in the blank Recognition Matching or multiple choice Re-learning Takes less time to re-learn than without prior exposure

18. Moods and Memories State-dependent memory Being under the influence of a drug E.g.—drunk, high, caffeine, etc. Mood-congruent memory More good memories when you are happy More bad memories when you are sad

19. Retrieval Failure—Interference Proactive (forward acting) interference Forgetting something new E.g.—you keep writing 2012 instead of 2013 Retroactive (backward acting) interference Forgetting something old E.g.—you can’t remember your teachers’ names from last year

20. Summary of Memory Repression & Construction Sexual abuse happens Injustice happens Forgetting happens Recovered memories are commonplace Memories before age 3 are unreliable Don’t trust age-regressed memories

21. Improving Memory Study repeatedly Make the material meaningful and about you Activate retrieval cues Use mnemonic devices Minimize interference Sleep more Quiz yourself frequently