1. Moisture Variables on Skew T Log P Diagram AOS 330 LAB 8

2. List of Variables Mixing ratio (w) Saturation mixing ratio (w s ) Specific Humidity (q) Vapor pressure (e v ) Saturation vapor pressure (e s ) Relative humidity (RH) Dewpoint (T d ) Dewpoint Depression Virtual Temperature (T v ) Wet-Bulb Temperature (T w )

3. Mixing Ratio (w or r v ) Mixing ratio (r v ) – a way to tell how much vapor there is relative to a mass of dry air It is conserved as long as there is no condensation or evaporation. Units : g kg -1

4. Specific Humidity (q) Mass of water vapor per unit mass of moist air But mass of water vapor is very small compare to the total mass (~1-2% of the total mass), (e v << p)

5. Vapor Pressure (e v ) e v – partial pressure of vapor in (Pa) e s – saturation vapor pressure over plane surface of pure water

6. Saturation Vapor Pressure (e s ) Vapor pressure e v - most directly determines whether water vapor is saturated or not. e v < e s (T) subsaturated, evaporation e v = e s (T) saturated e v > e s (T) supersaturated, condensation e s only depends on temperature. e s (T) increases with increasing temperature.

7. Relative Humidity Subsaturated: RH < 100% Saturated: RH = 100% Supersaturated: RH > 100% Depends on both vapor pressure e v and the air temperature T

8. Dewpoint (T d ) Consider the case e v < e s (T), we could always reduce e s (T) to e v by lowering the temperature. Dewpoint is the temperature at which moist air became saturated over a plane surface of pure water by cooling while holding e v constant. Only depends on the vapor pressure e v.

9. Saturation Mixing Ratio (w s ) It is the mixing ratio for which air is saturated at specific T and P.

10. Saturation Mixing Ratio (w s ) Depend on both temperature and pressure In units of (g kg -1 ) If we choose P to be 622 hPa, then

11. To find saturation vapor pressure (e s ) 622hPa 3 deg C 7.8 gkg-1 A temperature of 3 deg C at 622hPa is correspond to a saturated mixing ratio of 7.8 g kg -1. The saturation vapor pressure is ~ 7.8 hPa.

12. Dewpoint, Mixing Ratio, and Dewpoint Depression P T Td wsw

13. To apply ideal gas law to mixture of air and vapor Moist air equation of state : Virtual Temperature (T v )

14. Wet-Bulb Temperature (T w ) It is the temperature to which air is cooled by evaporation until saturation occurs. Assume that all of the latent heat of vaporization is supplied by the air Normand’s Rule: To find Tw, lift a parcel of air adiabatically to its LCL, then follow moist adiabat back down to parcel’s original P

15. One Other Variable: Θ Potential Temperature Θ Temperature of the parcel if it were compressed or expanded dry adiabatically to 1000 hPa. Conserved in dry adiabatic process

16. Critical Levels on Thermodynamic Diagram

17. The level at which a parcel lifted dry adiabatically will become saturated. Find the temperature and dewpoint of the parcel (at the same level, typically the surface). Follow the mixing ratio up from the dewpoint, and follow the dry adiabat from the temperature, where they intersect is the LCL. Lifting Condensation Level (LCL)

18. Finding the LCL

19. References Petty, G (2008). A First Course in Atmospheric Thermodynamics, Sundog Publishing. Potter and Coleman, 2003a: Handbook of Weather, Climate and Water: Dynamics, Climate, Physical Meteorology, Weather Systems and Measurements, Wiley, 2003