1. Light Rays and Reflection
SNC2P – Optics

2. The Ray Model of Light
Light travels in a straight line which is why shadows are formed.
Light can also reflect when it strikes certain surfaces or bend when passing through others (ex. White light splitting into all the colours after passing through a prism.)
In the ray model of light, a ray represents a single unit of a light wave as a single straight arrow. A beam of light contains many rays of light moving in the same direction

3. A candle flame or light bulb radiates light in all directions
A candle flame or light bulb radiates light in all directions. We show this by drawing light rays radiating out from the light source in all directions. Both the top and bottom of an object.
This also helps to explain why brightness changes with distance.

4. Shadows
Ray diagrams can be used to help explain shadows. A shadow occurs when an opaque object blocks the light from a source. The closer the object is to the light source, the larger the shadow.

5. A small light source casts shadows that are sharp and well defined.
If the light source is large compared to the object blocking the light, then the shadows will not have a sharp edge because the object only partly blocks the light.
Umbra: The darkest portion of the shadow, light source is completely blocked
Penumbra: The lighter portion of shadow, only a portion of the light is blocked

6. The Plane Mirror
A flat, reflective surface is known as a plane mirror. Ex: Rearview mirrors and vanity mirrors
Plane mirrors have two layers:
The front transparent, usually glass or plastic
The back layer is a thin film of an opaque reflective material such as silver or aluminum (this is where the reflection happens).

7. Reflection of a Plane Mirror
A ray diagram is a diagram showing the path of a light ray when it hits an object (ie. A mirror)
The ray of light that hits the mirror is called the incident ray
The ray that is reflected as a result of hitting the mirrored surface is the reflected ray
The ray diagram also includes a dotted line called the normal. This is an imaginary perpendicular line extending from the surface of the mirror. It is always drawn at the point where the incident ray strikes the mirror and allows us to measure the angles formed by the rays.

8. The angle between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of incidence (i)
The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of reflection (r)
Notice the arrowheads on the light rays show which way they are travelling

9. Worksheets
Complete the two worksheets, use the textbook to help you