1. DEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST Types of Deformation 1.folds 2.faults

2. Deformation 1. Elastic – nonpermanent, rock returns to original shape 2. Ductile – permanent, rock flows or bends 3. Brittle – permanent, rock breaks

4. Stress vs. Strain Rheology Deformation Force

5. Ductile Brittle

6. How Rocks Become Deformed 1.compression forces 2.tensional forces 3.shearing forces

7. Stress vs. Strain Rheology Deformation Force

10. Stress vs. Strain Rheology Deformation Force

12. Folded Rocks 1.due to compressional forces 2.types of folds i.monocline ii.anticlines iii.synclines

13. Monocline, WY George Davis

14. Folded Rocks 3. anatomy of a fold i.limbs ii.axial plane iii.plunge

18. Folded Rocks 2.types of folds iv.overturned v.asymmetrical

19. Bill Evarts Axial plane Anticline Fig. 10.11

20. Breck Kent Asymmetric Folds

21. Phil Dombrowski Fig. 10.1 Overturned Folds

23. Folded Rocks 2.types of folds vi.domes vii.basins

24. Folded Rocks 2. effects of folds i.mountain building (orogenies)

25. Fractured Rocks 1.How a rock breaks i.joints

26. Fractured Rocks 1.How a rock breaks i.joints ii.faults

27. Anatomy of a fault i.head wall (or hanging wall) ii.foot wall iii.fault plane

29. Anatomy of a fault iv.strike & dip

33. Types of Faults Strike-slip faults have movement that is predominantly horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault plane –A viewer looking across to the other side of a right-lateral strike-slip fault would observe it to be offset to their right –A viewer looking across to the other side of a left-lateral strike-slip fault would observe it to be offset to their left Oblique-slip faults have movement that with components parallel to both the strike and dip of the fault plane Right-lateral San Andreas Fault

38. Effects of faulting i.horsts and grabbens Graben Horst

39. Wildrose Graben, Southern California

40. NASA/TSADO/Tom Stack