2. Geological Time The Present is the Key to the Past

3. Interpreting Geologic History The Earth was thought to have formed about 4.6 billion years ago. Geologists try to put the pieces of the Geologic past back together using several methods.

4. Uniformitarianism Original Horizontality Law of Superposition Intrusions and Extrusions Folds and Faults Unconformities

5. Uniformitarianism – The processes we see today are similar to those that have been taking place throughout geologic time. “The present is the key to the past.” Original Horizontality – Rock is always older than the process that changed it. Ex. Tilting, folding, faulting. Layers were always flat first.

6. Law of Superposition Rocks found at the bottom of an undisturbed exposure are usually the oldest. D, K, A, G

7. Intrusions and Extrusions Melted Rock can often rise and cut through sedimentary layers. If the magma solidifies in the earth it will form an igneous intrusion surrounded by contact metamorphism. If the magma reaches the surface (Lava) It can form an igneous extrusion.

8. Intrusions and Extrusions Intrusion

9. Intrusions and Extrusions R, Y, C, Z, J An Intrusion is probably going to be Granite or Gabbro

10. Extrusion

11. Intrusions and Extrusions R, Y, C, Z, J An Extrusion is probably going to be Basalt or Rhyolite

12. R, Y, C, Z, J, M A Buried Extrusion Is Still An Extrusion

14. Faults and Folds Faults and Folds are a result of the Earth’s shifting tectonic plates. Folds are Bends in the rock layers. Folds are the EXCEPTION to the law of superposition. Faults are cracks where layers are offset from each other. REMEMBER: rocks must be older then the process that alters them.

15. Folds Lets add some heat and pressure

16. Lets Convert the colors to Symbols

17. Lets add some more heat and pressure

18. If a Fold is so extreme that it bends back over itself it is called an Overturn Lets take a closer look

19. Young old Young

22. Faults R, Y, C, Z, J, M, K

25. Unconformities An Unconformity is a buried erosional surface. They happen when an area of bedrock is weathered and eroded and then buried again by another layer of sedimentary rock. This can happen to any kind of rock; sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic, folded, tilted or faulted.

26. Erosional Agent

27. Unconformities Unconformity Remember!! An unconformity is not an unconformity until it is buried!! R, Y, C, Z, J, H, P

28. Let’s Try Some Relative Age Dating ____ Young ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Old

29. Geologic History The Geologic Timeline is divided up into different units of time. The largest unit is the Eon, often made up of billions of years. Each Eon is divided up into Eras. Each Era is made up of Periods. Each Period is made up of Epochs.

30. Geologic History In your ESRT you have a chart that has a timeline of geologic history. This chart primarily focuses on New York State. It is very important that we understand how to read this chart. It includes information about rock type, life-forms, fossils, geologic events and continental layouts throughout geologic history.

31. Geologic History

32. Let’s try a sample question During what Period did the earliest birds appear?

33. Jurassic

34. Radioactive Decay

35. Radioactive Decay refers to the breakdown of unstable elements into stable elements. Unstable element Stable Element

36. Radioactive Decay The rate at which these unstable (radioactive) elements decay is predictable and constant. This rate can enable us to perform Absolute Dating.

37. Absolute Dating Where Relative Age Dating can only give us the age of material as it relates to other material… (which came first, last, before etc…) Absolute Dating can give us a measurable value for the age of material. This is because of that predictable decay rate called Half-Life.

38. Half-Life Half-Life is defined as the amount of time it takes for ½ of an unstable (radioactive) element to decay into a stable (daughter/decay) element. Only half of the radioactive material will decay per each Half-Life. This means that there can never be 0% radioactive material remaining or 100% decay material created.

39. Half-Life Radioactive Stable Here we start with 100% Radioactive Material

40. Half-Life Radioactive Stable After 1 half-life 50% of the radioactive material has decayed into stable material Let’s see what happens after the second Half-Life 50%

41. Half-Life Radioactive Stable After 2 Half-Life’s the remaining radioactive material has now decayed half way. Only 25% of the original is remaining. 25% 75% …and a third

42. Half-Life Radioactive Stable After a 3 rd Half-Life there is only 12.5% of the original radioactive material remaining. 12.5% 87.5%

43. Half-Life The chart for any Radioactive Material will look like this.