2. Earth History- Table of Contents RELATIVE vs. ABSOLUTE LAWS UNCONFORMITIES GEOLOGIC SECTIONS

3. Who’s got the TIME? RELATIVE: order/sequence known, but not the actual date of occurrence. ABSOLUTE: actual date known. If 2 dates are known, then the RATE OF CHANGE can be known- such as Mountain Building.

4. First Things First…or… “How’d that get there?” In the 17 th C., Nicolas Steno made an important observation: "Sediments are usually deposited in horizontal layers." He called this “ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY”

5. ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY Sediments are usually deposited in horizontal layers."

6. Finding Relative Time The LAW of... SUPERPOSITION: a sedimentary sequence will be OLDEST on BOTTOM (if undisturbed).SUPERPOSITION FAULTS AND FOLDS: younger than the rocks they bend or break. Overturning of rock can lead to exceptions to law of superposition

7. Superposition- Superposition- youngest to oldest

8. The LAW of... CROSS-CUTTING: a body of igneous rock is younger than rock it has intruded (cut across).CROSS-CUTTING intruded –Intrusion - magma flow –Extrusion – lava flow

9. IGNEOUS INTRUSION: occurs when magma squeezes into or between layers of pre-existing rock.

10. Cross Cutting

11. LAW INCLUDED FRAGMENTS: pieces of rock found IN another rock must be OLDER (formed first).INCLUDED FRAGMENTS UNCONFORMITY : A gap in the rock record…caused by erosion of a rock surface and a new rock being fromed on the erosional surface.

12. Included Fragments AND… an UNCOMFORMITYUNCOMFORMITY

13. UNCOMFORMITY- a buried surface of erosion separating two rock masses. This represents a gap in geologic time...

14. ….outlined below...

15. ….a look at the Grand Canyon and 3 types of unconformities... Oh, and what’s this? 1 2 3

16. AngularAngular unconformity- An unconformity in which the beds below the unconformity dip at a different angle than the beds above it.

17. “SEQUENCE” of events… 1.The lower sediments were deposited as horizontal layers in a body of water.lower sediments 2.These sediments were then raised above water level and tilted during a tectonic event (what type of boundary?).sediments 3.Streams & other forces of erosion carved a nearly horizontal surface across the tilted beds.horizontal surface

18. STEP 2 STEP 1

19. STEP 3 STEPS 4-6

20. “SEQUENCE” of events… 4.The land surface subsided (or the water level raised), submerging the erosion surface.subsided 5.A new series of sediments deposited in horizontal layers on the erosion surface. 6.The complicated sequence of tilted and horizontal rocks was again uplifted, exposing them to erosion and producing the outcrop we see today. sequence

21. Disconformity An unconformity in which the beds above the unconformity are parallel to the beds below the unconformity, though layers are “missing”.

22. Nonconformity An unconformity that separates profoundly different rock types, such as sedimentary rocks from metamorphic rocks.unconformity

23. Practice: what happened here?

26. S T R E S S Stress is a force that is capable of greatly deforming rocks, and may result in folding or faulting of rock –Faults are CRACKS or FRACTURES in rocks caused by stress… –Folds are “bends” in rock layers Stress comes in three varieties: –TENSION –COMPRESSION –SHEAR

27. TENSION BEFORE STRESS AFTER STRESS Tension lengthens materials, causing them to thin -- example= RIFTS/Mid-Ocean Ridges

28. …RESULTS NORMAL faults… HANGING WALL (‘HANGS’ ON) FOOT WALL (‘STICKS’ OUT)

29. This example of tension results in a structure called a GRABEN…

30. COMPRESSION BEFORE STRESS AFTER STRESS Compression shortens materials, causing them to thicken.

31. …RESULTS REVERSE or THRUST faults…”upslope” HANGING WALL FOOT WALL

32. This type of compression results in a structure called a HORST.

33. SHEAR STRESS Shear stress is caused by side by side movement – example= TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES!

34. …RESULTS