1. Metamorphism Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway Rock folding Scotland Antarctica

2. Mineral Alignment: Foliation

3. Contact Metamorphism Heat from magma alters surrounding country rock. No pressure.

4. Regional Metamorphism Heat and pressure on a regional scale.

5. Folded Mtn Range

6. Subduction Zones

7. Slate to gneiss grading With increasing heat and pressure, minerals break down and recrystallize. As this happens, rock types change.

8. Metamorphic Grade Certain minerals are stable only at specific temperatures and pressures.

9. Contour Map Appalachians: Core of ancient mountain range is exposed.

10. Metamorphic Facies

11. Metamorphic Facies II Suites of minerals indicate specific range of T & P.

12. Appalachian Orogenesis

13. Shelf Sediments Accumulation of sands and muds. 10,000-15,000 feet thick.

14. Folded Pelitic Rocks

15. Folded Appalachians

16. Rock Behavior Under stress and strain, rocks behave in two different ways: 1)Brittle deformation. Low temperature, high pressure. Rocks fracture: faults 2) Ductile (plastic) deformation. High temperature, low to medium pressure. Rocks deform: folds

17. Types of Deformation

18. Folded Rocks

19. Anticlines and Synclines

20. Plunging Folds

21. Folded Appalachians Pic Plunging folds

22. Dome and Basin

23. Michigan Basin

24. Fault Definitions

25. Normal Fault Hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. Creates gentle mountain front, not steep

26. Horst and Graben Basin and Range Province Normal faults Result of tensional stress -- crustal extension. The crust in this part of the world is being pushed up on from below.

27. Horst Photo

28. Reverse Fault Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

29. Wasatch Fault Very steep imposing mountain front

30. Thrust Fault Low-angle (<20 o ) reverse fault. Many thrust faults do not outcrop at the surface -- they remain underground -- and are mapped seismically. Most recent ‘quakes in LA were from slippage along previously-unknown thrust faults.

31. San Andreas Fault

32. Strike-Slip Fault No vertical movement

34. San Andreas Fault Fault Offset stream

36. Appalachian Mtns Putting it all together --- Brittle and ductile deformation of rocks during the formation of the Appalachian Mountains.

37. Apps

39. World Mountain Chains

40. Geologic Time Scale

41. Mass Extinctions 75% of species extinct 90% of species extinct Why?

42. ELE

43. Impact Crater