1. Article #3 New York Windmills Setbacks: Minimum distance from residence for construction of turbines. Determined locally – community, county, state. Typical Setback = hub height + tip height x 1.5 So….. 280 ft +100 ft x 1.5 = 570 ft

2. Why Setbacks? Aesthetics Noise Flicker Shadow Blade Ice ◦ Tip speed = 100 mph Fly Way ◦ Migratory Birds/BatsBats

3. Article #4 Intro to Wind Development Project Planning/Goals page 1 ◦ South Dakota #4 in Potential….why?  Low Population and high wind quality ◦ Process is the same for all scales of operation  Size just changes length (time) of development  US Department of Energy Website US Department of Energy Website  Maps – show wind class ( 3 or higher and clear of trees)  Assessment of “possible” project  MET Towers – study quality of wind on site. $80,000  Anemometer – gives wind quality data Anemometer  Radar Globe- study quality from ground. No tower needed  Customer Base- does your peak production times meet the demands of potential customers? 5pm – 10 pm

4. Article #4 Intro to Wind Development Site Assessment ◦ Physical aspects of the property  Access? Can you get heavy equipment on-site?  Is road construction required?  Do current roads have to be improved?  Topography – surrounding terrain  Can enhance wind flow/can also detract from wind flow  Access to transmission lines  Current costs = $1.0 - $1.5 million/mile

5. Article #4 Intro to Wind Development Business Structure ◦ Possibilities:  Lease $6000.00 per/tower over 20 – 25 years.  Not much risk…..lowest payback  Join Coop  More risk – requires your money for development  More potential payback  Own it Yourself  High risk……more potential financial return  Why? Turbine cost, construction, connection, metering, maintenance, consultation ◦ Finance Options- dependant on what your structure is  Assignment- Read pages 4-6. Find current event article on wind energy.

6. Article #5 “Know Your Wind” Wind Speed – MOST important variable ◦ Varies = Seasonal, Height, Time of Day  Average annual wind speed “Cubic Relationship”  15mph = 3375 13mph = 2197 60% Wind Speed Distribution ◦ Flagging – Vegetation deformation due to wind  Griggs-Putnam Index of Deformity p.3 Griggs-Putnam Index of Deformity p.3 ◦ Anemometer/Radar ◦ State Wind Resource maps Daily/Seasonal Wind ◦ Need a “Client” You, coop, power company? Wind Direction ◦ Wind Rose Chart Wind Rose Chart

7. Know Your Wind Con’t Wind Shear ◦ Typically increases with height Air pressure and Temperature ◦ Minimal effect….air density ◦ Regional data Obstacles ◦ Trees, buildings, other turbines Roughness ◦ Vegetation, terrain….SMOOOOTH=GOOOD  19 mile radius  Contours Contours

8. Solar Energy = Wind Energy? Sun = radiant energy ◦ Earth’s Surfaces heat unevenly…water/land ◦ Differing times of the day  Warm air Rises= lowers Atmospheric pressure  Cooler air (more dense) is drawn in to replace it  End Result ……WIND! Isobar Map ExplanationWIND!Isobar Map Explanation  Air has mass, when in motion = Kinetic Energy  Kinetic energy = mechanical energy = work Kinetic energy = mechanical energy = work  Graphic 10.1 p. 242

9. Energy Production Units Watt W Watt = volts x amps Kilowatt kW = 1000 watts Megawatt MW = 1,000,000 watts Gigawatt GW = 1,000,000,000 watts Production and Consumption are usually measured in kWh (kilowatt hours) ◦ kWh = 1 kW produced/consumed per hour  50 watt bulb on for 20 hours = 1 kWh = $.07  50 W x 20 h = 1000wh = 1kWh

10. USA household Energy Usage Average electrical use = 10,000 kWh Spirit Lake Elementary... 250 kW Turbine ◦ 350,000 kWh/year ◦ 53,000 sq. ft ◦ Bonus $25,000/year Utility Scale Requirements – Turbine TourTurbine Tour ◦ Minimum average of 13 mph (6 m/s) ◦ 1 MW can produce 2.4 – 3 million kWh/year  Pay back in SD? 7 – 7.5 years

11. Procedure # 2 Math The Power contained in a square meter of air, at a given density is represented by: ◦ P = ½ x p x (v)3 answer will be in watts/m2  P = Power (watts/m2)  P = Standard atmosphere = 1.225kg/m3  V = wind speed in m/s (1m/s = 2.23 mph) So….how much power in a wind 3 m/s? P = ½ x 1.225 kg/m3 x (3 m/s)3 = 16.5 watts/m2

12. Article #6 Know Your Options Net Metering ◦ In essence individuals can use electrical grid as a storage system. Excess power can be transferred to the grid. Conversely when the operations requires energy they can get it from the utility company. ◦ $100,000 - $150,000 to connect to the grid PURPA (Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act) 1978 – requires utilities to purchase energy from non-utility renewable energy producers

13. Know Your Options Con’t Green Markets ◦ Essential to success for renewable energy sources….especially wind. Ex. Permits, zoning restrictions, and connectivity.  Two Forms  Green Pricing – utilities offer customers option of where “their energy” comes from.  Green Tags – Commodities that may be traded or sold between energy producers. Allows more traditional power plants to meet regulations compliance.  20% Wind Power by 2030  You need to know glossary terms from second article

14. Article # 7 NREL Report Estimates off shore potential of the US coast line. 4150 gigawatts. ◦ Current production for all wind about 1200 gigawatts. ◦ Estimated using 5 megawatts for every square kilometer of feasible area. 10 mph average wind speed. Within the 50 mile range of our coastline (includes Great Lakes).