1. Structure of the Earth

2. Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density High in silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) High in silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) Moho: Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High in Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) High in Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) Core: High in Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe)

3. Earth: The Giant Magnet Magnetic field created by liquid iron convecting in outer core.

5. Magnetic field directs solar winds (ionized particles) around the Earth or to the poles.

6. Aurora Borealis

7. Heat Flow in the Earth Heat sources: latent heat from the formation of the Earth Radioactive decay in the core and mantle Temperature at core: 3000-5000° C Cooling processes: Convection currents Plate tectonics (volcanoes)

9. Mechanical (Physical) Layers of the Earth Lithosphere: Crust and upper, solid part of the mantle; “plates” in plate tectonics Asthenosphere: Partially molten part of mantle; location of convection current that drive plates Outer core: Liquid Inner core: Solid Greatest temperatures, solid due to intense pressure

10. Evidence for Structure of the Earth Seismic (earthquake) waves P waves (Primary): Longitudinal (compressional) waves; faster, can move through any matter S waves (Secondary): Transverse waves. Can only travel through solid matter.

11. Evidence for Structure of the Earth Cont. S waves can not travel through the outer core. S waves can not travel through the outer core.

12. Rock Types Igneous: Solidified molten magma 2 types of Igneous Extrusive (volcanic) = erupted lava Cools more quickly, so only small crystals form. Intrusive (plutonic) = never erupted magma Cools more slowly within the earth, so larger crystals can form.

13. Quartz= Silica (SiO 2 ), light color. Magma high in silica is viscous. High silica magma found in more explosive volcanoes due to build up of pressure with more viscous magma. Forms stratovolcano (cone shape) Low silica magma found in less explosive volcanoes. Low silica magma found in less explosive volcanoes. Form shield shape.

14. Extrusive Igneous Rock BasaltAndesiteRhyolite Low in silica High in Silica Black Pale pink, grey

15. Intrusive Igneous Rock GabbroDaciteGranite Low in Silica High in Silica Black Pale Grey, pink

16. Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rock: formed by compaction of sediments. Classified by particle size. Sandstone Shale

17. Sedimentary Rock cont. Almost all fossils found in sedimentary rock Almost all fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) found in sedimentary rock.

18. Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic rock is rocked that has been changed by heat and/or pressure. Metamorphic rock is rocked that has been changed by heat and/or pressure. Caused by burial and proximity to volcanic areas. Dense, often streaks/folds Many gemstones are metamorphic.

19. Rock Cycle