1. Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation

2. Significance to CCS Fundamental to trapping configuration Fundamental to trapping configuration Important for caprock integrity Important for caprock integrity

3. Stress Force per unit area Force per unit area Compression Compression Tension (rare) Tension (rare) Shearing Shearing

6. Or, principal compressive stress vertical

7. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Brittle: material fractures (breaks)

9. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures

10. Folded gneiss and marble

11. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Brittle favored by: Brittle favored by:

12. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Brittle favored by: Brittle favored by: low temperatures low temperatures

13. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Brittle favored by: Brittle favored by: low temperatures low temperatures low confining pressures low confining pressures

14. Undeformed Low confining pressure High confining pressure

15. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Brittle: material fractures (breaks) Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures Brittle favored by: Brittle favored by: low temperatures low temperatures low confining pressures low confining pressures high strain rates high strain rates Rock type Rock type

16. Brittle diabase, ductile marble

17. Mapping Geologic Structures Strike Strike Dip Dip

20. Mapping Geologic Structures Strike Strike Dip Dip Constructing cross sections Constructing cross sections

23. Folds Bending of rocks, often as a result of compression

24. Anticlines and Synclines

27. Raplee anticline and San Juan river, Utah

30. Limbs, axial planes, fold axes

31. Plunge

35. Plunging folds near Harrisburg, PA

37. Plunging anticline, SW Montana

38. Symmetrical, Asymmetrical, Overturned Limbs of equal length Limbs of unequal length

39. Overturned (almost?) anticline

40. Structural domes and basins

45. Faults and Joints Fractures in rock

46. Joints No visible displacement No visible displacement Types Types Unloading (exfoliation) Unloading (exfoliation)

47. Unloading joint, Yosemite NP, CA

48. Joints No visible displacement No visible displacement Types Types Unloading (exfoliation) Unloading (exfoliation) Cooling joints Cooling joints

49. Devil’s Postpile, CA

50. Devil’s Tower, WY

51. Joints No visible displacement No visible displacement Types Types Unloading (exfoliation) Unloading (exfoliation) Cooling joints Cooling joints Regional (tectonic) joints Regional (tectonic) joints

52. Joints in Navajo Sandstone, Arches NP, UT

53. Faults Visible displacement Visible displacement Hanging wall and footwall Hanging wall and footwall

57. Faults Visible displacement Visible displacement Hanging wall and footwall Hanging wall and footwall Dip-slip faults Dip-slip faults Normal Normal

60. Normal fault, UT

61. Faults Visible displacement Visible displacement Hanging wall and footwall Hanging wall and footwall Dip-slip faults Dip-slip faults Normal Normal Reverse Reverse

64. Faults Visible displacement Visible displacement Hanging wall and footwall Hanging wall and footwall Dip-slip faults Dip-slip faults Normal Normal Reverse Reverse Thrust Thrust

65. Thrust: reverse motion with fault plane dipping <45°

68. Chief Mountain Klippe, Montana

69. Faults Visible displacement Visible displacement Hanging wall and footwall Hanging wall and footwall Dip-slip faults Dip-slip faults Normal Normal Reverse Reverse Thrust Thrust Strike-slip faults Strike-slip faults Left lateral Left lateral Right lateral Right lateral

74. Faults Visible displacement Visible displacement Hanging wall and footwall Hanging wall and footwall Dip-slip faults Dip-slip faults Normal Normal Reverse Reverse Thrust Thrust Strike-slip faults Strike-slip faults Left lateral Left lateral Right lateral Right lateral Oblique-slip faults Oblique-slip faults

76. Rocks/textures created by faulting Fault breccia (visible angular fragments) Fault breccia (visible angular fragments) Fault gouge (incohesive, fine powder) Fault gouge (incohesive, fine powder) Mylonites (ductile flow/recrystallization) Mylonites (ductile flow/recrystallization) Pseudotachylites (frictional melting) Pseudotachylites (frictional melting)

79. Fault gouge

80. Mylonite

81. Pseudotachylite

82. Features associated with fault planes Slickensides (grooves or striations) Slickensides (grooves or striations) "Drag" folds "Drag" folds

86. Horsts, grabens, and rifts

88. Wildrose graben, Panamint Valley, southern California

90. Structural Traps for Hydrocarbons and CO 2 Fault traps Fault traps Fold traps

93. Lander Dome oil field, Wind River Basin, Wyoming

94. Structure Photos….

100. Joints in Navajo Sandstone, Arches NP, UT

102. 1964 Alaska (M 9.2) Hanning Bay fault scarp on Montague Island. Vertical displacement 12 - 14 feet. (USGS photo)