1. Jay McCreary Dynamics of Indian-Ocean shallow overturning circulations Jay McCreary Summer School on: Dynamics of the North Indian Ocean National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa June 17 – July 29, 2010

2. References 1)Miyama, T., J. P. McCreary, T.G. Jensen, S. Godfrey, and A. Ishida, 2003: Structure and dynamics of the Indian-Ocean Cross- Equatorial Cell. Deep-Sea Res., 50, 2023–2048. 2)(MKM93) McCreary, J.P., P.K. Kundu, and R. Molinari, 1993: A numerical investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed- layer processes in the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 31, 181– 244. 3)(SM04) Schott, F., J.P. McCreary, and G.C. Johnson, 2004: Shallow overturning circulations of the tropical-subtropical oceans. In: Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie and J.A. Carton (eds.), AGU Geophys. Monograph Ser., 147, 261–304.

3. Questions 1)What are shallow overturning circulations in the world ocean? What is their role in the general ocean circulation? 2)What are the structures of the prominent cells in the Indian Ocean, the Subtropical Cell and the Cross-equatorial Cell? 3)What are their fundamental dynamics? 4)What is their impact on the Indian-Ocean heat budget?

4. What are the 3-d structures of these cells? How do they vary on climatic time scales? 2d structure in an idealized GCM solution SPC Bryan (1991) STC AMOC

5. TropicsSubtropics Lu et al. (1998) Subtropical Cells (STCs) in the Pacific Ocean The STCs carry cool subtropical thermocline water into the tropics. The two cells account for almost 30 Sv of overturning.

6. Rothstein et al. (1998) surface thermocline upwelling subduction 3d structure in a GCM solution

7. Questions 1)What are shallow overturning circulations in the world ocean? What is their role in the general ocean circulation? 2)What are the structures of the prominent cells in the Indian Ocean, the Subtropical Cell and the Cross-equatorial Cell? 3)What are their fundamental dynamics? 4)What is their impact on the Indian-Ocean heat budget?

8. Wind forcing for CEC and STC Upwelling-favorable annual-mean winds (dominated by July) Reversing cross-equatorial winds Relatively steady Southeast tradewinds As a result, the IO winds circulate clockwise (anticlockwise) about the equator during the summer (winter). The annual-mean winds have the summer pattern.

9. Upwelling, subduction, and inflow/outflow regions in Indian Ocean Somali/Omani upwelling Indian upwelling 5-10°S upwelling Sumatra/Java upwelling Subduction Indonesian Throughflow Southern Ocean Agulhas Current

10. Meridional streamfunction from an IO GCM Garternicht and Schott (1997) CEC STC Equatorial roll Deep cell

11. Models used in Miyama et al. (2003) 1)MKM 2½-layer model (0.5°) 2) TOMS 4½-layer model (0.33°) 3) JAMSTEC GCM (55 levels, 0.25°) 4) SODA reanalysis GCM + data 5) LCS model

12. MKMTOMS Subsurface water crosses the equator in a western boundary, a consequence of PV conservation Subsurface circulation of CEC (backward tracking from upwelling regions)

13. Subsurface circulation of CEC (backward tracking from upwelling regions) JAMSTEC Subsurface water crosses equator in a western boundary current, a consequence of PV conservation.

14. Surface water crosses equator in interior ocean, increasingly to the east for Somali, Omani, and Indian upwellings MKMTOMS Surface circulation of CEC (forward tracking from upwelling regions)

15. In GCMs, surface water tends to flow across the basin in the interior ocean and only crosses the equator in the eastern basin. Particle trajectories show equatorial rolls. Surface circulation of CEC (forward tracking from upwelling regions) JAMSTEC

16. Equator Equatorial roll in JAMSTEC model

17. Surface trajectories cross equator in the eastern ocean because of equatorial roll, consistent with observed drifters. January July Surface (10 m) trajectories in JAMSTEC model

18. Annual-mean, surface (0–75 m) circulation in SODA reanalysis Near-surface currents cross equator in the eastern ocean because of equatorial roll, consistent with observed drifters.

19. 3d structure of CEC in JAMSTEC model

20. Questions 1)What are shallow overturning circulations in the world ocean? What is their role in the general ocean circulation? 2)What are the structures of the prominent cells in the Indian Ocean, the Subtropical Cell and the Cross-equatorial Cell? 3)What are their fundamental dynamics? 4)What is their impact on the Indian-Ocean heat budget?

21. STC dynamics

22. Wind forcing for the STC Wind curl along the northern edge of Southeast Trades

23. Eq. Basic processes for the STC Consider the response in layer 2 of a 2½-layer model forced by a mass sink (upwelling into layer 1) south of the equator. The water that upwells first flows eastward across the basin, a remotely forced response due to the radiation of Rossby waves from the upwelling region. There is an additional recirculation, the so- called “β plume.” Finally, the subsurface flow also includes the circulation of the Subtropical Gyre. As a result of all of these contributions, layer-2 STC water enters the upwelling region from the north.

24. Basic processes for the STC Consider the response in layer 2 of a 2½-layer model forced by a mass sink (upwelling into layer 1) south of the equator.

25. CEC dynamics a)Why does surface water cross the equator in the interior ocean? b)What causes the equatorial roll?

26. Wind forcing for the CEC The IO winds circulate clockwise (anticlockwise) about the equator during the summer (winter). The annual-mean winds have the summer pattern.

27. EQ Wind (boreal Summer, annual mean) Ekman Transport Ekman transport appears to be involved off the equator. But, what dynamics are involved near the equator? EQ Wind (boreal Winter) Ekman Transport Basic processes for the CEC

28. The Sverdrup transport is Thus, for this special wind the Sverdrup and Ekman transports are equal. It follows that the concept of Ekman flow can be extended to the equator, since τ x tends to zero as f does. Consider forcing by τ x that is antisymmetric about the equator but V can be rewritten Analytic solution

29. Consider the equations for a 1½-layer model, Then, For a τ x that is antisymmetric about the equator and so h never changes in response to this wind! So, no geostrophic currents are ever generated, and the total flow field is entirely Ekman drift.

30. Linear, continuously stratified (LCS) model 1)Model equations of motion linearized about a state of rest and N b (z) 2)Solutions expressed as sums of 50 vertical modes 3)Horizontal resolution is 0.25° 4)Realistic Indian-Ocean coastline 5)Forced by Hellerman and Rosenstein (1983) winds 6)Spun up for 10 years

31. meridional velocity Symmetric zonal wind

32. meridional velocity Antisymmetric zonal wind

33. CEC dynamics a)Why does surface water cross the equator in the interior ocean? b)What causes the equatorial roll?

34. Section at 70 E meridional velocity Symmetric meridional wind

35. 1) Total wind 2) Zonal wind 3) Meridional wind LCS solution forced by July HR winds. Cross-equatorial flow is driven by τ x (middle), and equatorial roll is driven by τ y. Roles of zonal and meridional winds Courtesy of Toru Miyama

36. Meridional velocity zonally averaged between 40–100ºE. The linear model reproduces the GCM solution very well! Comparison of LCS and GCM solutions Courtesy of Toru Miyama

37. Questions 1)What are shallow overturning circulations in the world ocean? What is their role in the general ocean circulation? 2)What are the structures of the prominent cells in the Indian Ocean, the Subtropical Cell and the Cross-equatorial Cell? 3)What are their fundamental dynamics? 4)What is their impact on the Indian-Ocean heat budget?

38. So, the heat flux into the ocean is caused by oceanic upwelling. Advection then spreads cool SSTs away from the upwelling region, causing heating over a larger area.

39. There is a net annual-mean heat flux into the Indian Ocean, … … that vanishes when cooling due to upwelling is dropped from the model. In this model, then, the annual-mean heating happens entirely because of upwelling. How model dependent is this result? Perhaps in this model it is overemphasized because heating in the 5–10°S band is too strong.

41. Subtropical Cell Driven by upwelling caused by Ekman pumping at the northern edge of the Southeast Trades (5–10ºS). Subsurface water for the upwelling comes from the north, due to the formation of a “β-plume.” Cross-equatorial Cell Driven by upwelling in the northern ocean. Its source waters are all from the southern hemisphere, requiring cross-equatorial flow. Subsurface flow crosses the equator only near the western boundary due to PV conservation. Near-surface water crosses the equator in the interior ocean. It is driven by the antisymmetric component of the zonal wind, which drives a southward, annual-mean, cross-equatorial Ekman drift. Because of the equatorial roll, the CEC surface branch dives below the surface as it crosses the equator. Moreover, flow right at the surface (e.g., as measured by surface drifters) can cross only near the eastern boundary. Heat flux The observed annual-mean heat flux into the IO exists only because of upwelling associated with the STC and CEC. Conclusions

43. Annual-mean, layer-2 circulation in MKM model Subtropical Cell Layer 1 Layer 2