1. STRUCTURE OF MATTER
According to the modern atomic model, protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, and electrons are found outside the nucleus in a region called the _____________.
Protons have a _________ charge.
Electrons have a ________ charge.
__________ are neutral, they have no charge.

2. Protons and Neutrons are made up of smaller particles called ______
Protons and Neutrons are made up of smaller particles called ______. There is an ________ and a _________ held together by particles called ______.
_______ have more up quarks than down quarks.
________ have more down quarks than up quarks.

3. ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS
The first energy level, closest to the nucleus, can hold only ___ electrons (e-).
The second energy level can hold only ___ e-.
The third energy level is stable when it has__ e-. (can actually hold 18 in all, but only after the fourth energy level has at least 2)

4. Maximum # of e- the orbital can contain
1 s2
Energy level
2 s2 p6
3 s2 p6 d10
4 s2 p6 d10 f14
5 s2 p6 d10 f14
6 s2 p6 d10
7 s2 p6

5. IONS _______ atoms (or groups of atoms) are called ions.
An atom becomes charged by either gaining or losing one or more _________.
An atom that has lost one or more e- is a ________ ion (cation). The atom now has more protons than e-.
An atom that has gained one or more e- is a ________ ion (anion). The atom now has more e- than protons.

9. Generally, atoms do not gain or lose protons.
An atom will become an ion only by gaining
or losing e-. The number of protons (or
neutrons) will only change during nuclear
fission, nuclear fusion, or radioactive decay.
What charge will an atom have if it loses 3 e-?
What charge will an atom have if it gains 2 e-?

10. A ________ is any two or more __________ elements combined.
The smallest unit of any ________ (example: water) that still retains the properties of the substance is a ________. A __________ is any two or more atoms combined by sharing electrons. (non-metals only, even two of the same element)
A ________ is any two or more __________ elements combined.
Chemical reactions involve ___________ of atoms, not the destruction or creation of them.

11. FORMULA
a representation of one ____________ of a substance by showing the ________ of each element in the substance and the _________ of each element in the molecule
Example: H2O is the formula for water because it represents one molecule of water. If you broke the substance down any farther, it would not be water.

12. If you have a formula like C7H5(NO2)3 , you would have __ carbon atoms, __ hydrogen atoms, __ nitrogen atoms, and __ oxygen atoms.
Any time you have atoms inside a parenthesis ( ) with a subscript number after the ( ), you multiply the number after the ( ) by the number of each element inside the ( ) to obtain the total number of atoms for each element inside the ( ).

13. The group of atoms inside the ( ) is called a _________ ____.
has a charge
more than one