1. NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS America: Past and Present Chapter 1

2. Native American Histories before Conquest n 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitants

3. Routes of the First Americans

4. Aztec Dominance n Aztecs settle valley of Mexico n Center of large, powerful empire n Highly organized social and political structure n Rule through fear and force

5. Eastern Woodland Cultures n Atlantic Coast of North America n Native Americans lived in smaller bands n Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering n Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers

6. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

7. A World Transformed n Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures n The rate of change varied from place to place n Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival

8. Threats to Survival: Trade n Native Americans were eager for European trade n They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans n Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

9. Threats to Survival: Disease n Contact brings population decline among American Indians n Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease u smallpox u measles u influenza n Rate as high as ninety-five percent

10. The Columbian Exchange n The Spanish brought more than just people when they came to the Americas n Brought the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between hemispheres u The Columbian Exchange F Germs were transferred (many communities were wiped out) Measles Smallpox Influenza F Possibly 20 million Native American in Mexico were killed by European diseases F Populations decreased by 90-95% between 1519 and 1619

12. West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies n Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures u Islam u Strong traditional beliefs

13. Beginnings of the Slave Trade n 15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa n Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

14. How Many Slaves? n 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year n 18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas n By 1860--ca. 11 million n Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.

15. Voyages of European Exploration

16. From Plunder to Settlement n Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors u Large land grants u Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute n Appointed officials answer only to Crown n Catholic Church u Protects Indian rights u Performs mass conversions n By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World u Unmarried males intermarry u Mixed-blood population emerges

17. The French Claim Canada n 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec n French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi n French Crown makes little effort to foster settlement n Fur trade underpins economy n Indians become valued trading partners

18. Birth of English Protestantism n English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation u 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany u 1536--John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva n Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics

19. Religion, War, and Nationalism n Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood n Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes n Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire n 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated

20. Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement n English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World n To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric u They would view Native Americans the same way

21. English Conquest of Ireland n Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization u Irish viewed as backward u English under Elizabeth seize Irish land

22. An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke n Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 u He named the region Virginia after the Virginia Queen n The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 n The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

23. Campaign to Sell America n By 1600 no English settlements in New World n Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization u Claimed that England needs American colonies