1. Key Concept 2.3 Transportations of The Ancient World WHAP/5th period Jalen Smith, Vanessa Chavez, Jessica Torres

2. Domesticated Horses in Ancient Rome ●Pastoralists were the first to domesticate horses for their own benefit. ●Horses were used primarily for riding, racing, and warfare and not as pack animals. ●There are various breeds known from different parts of the empire referring to Libyan Horses. ● Some breeds were more situated to warfare and other breeds contributed to trade for long and steep routes.

3. Benefits of Horses ●Roman roads enabled the Romans to move armies, trade goods and to communicate. ●Using the horses led to trade being more useful and easier to travel on horses. ●Harnesses being carried by the horses allowed it for the carrying of more items across longer distances than it would be by foot and hand.

4. The Ancient Saddle -A saddle is a supportive structure for a rider or other load, fastened to an animal’s back by girth. -The first saddle was probably a blanket attached by some form of surcingle used by Assyrian cavalry around 700 BC. -In ancient times, a saddle represented a status symbol. They showed a person’s wealth and power. -The saddle included a breast strap and cruppers fr control over the animal. -A saddle was essential for a domesticated animal during warfare.

5. Development to Modern Day Saddles -Embellishments were later added to saddles. Such as, gold, leather, horn, etc. -Different designs of this equipment were created that led to the development of the English and Western saddle. -A stirrup, which provides support and leverage to the riders feet, was added. This increased the riders control of the animal while mounted on top. - The saddles used today, with the contribution of the ancient saddle designs, they are more equipped and fastened on the domesticated animal.

6. Dhow Ships ●Dhow Ships are claimed to be created by Arabs and Indians, but Chinese people are also credited for inventing them. ●These were wooden built sail ships used for trade. ●They were the most prominent among vessels sailing between India and China because they were designed to better handle the unpredictable weather conditions like winds,and the water itself. ●Dhow Ships were very maneuverable, they were able to sail the Red Sea and were good for Pirates.

7. Trading with Dhow Ships ●Dhow ships were built with 2 lanteen(triangular) sails, planks and the fronts jutted outward, which was different than any other European Ship making it unique. ●Dhow ships were able to carry large Chinese junks 1,000 tons of carrying capacity. ●Arabians would trade spices and incense, the Chinese would trade silk throughout the Indian Ocean and many seas.

8. Citation ●Hall,Kenneth. “ships and shipbuilding in medieval Asia and the Pacific. In Crabtree, Pam J. Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in Medieval World. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2008. Ancient and Medieval His tory Online, Facts On File, Inc. ●David, Rosalie. "horses and chariots in ancient Egypt." Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2003. Ancient and Medieval History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com.gatekeeper.chipublib.org/NuHistory/default.asp?ItemID=WE49 ●Blackwell, Amy Hackney. "ships and shipbuilding in the medieval Islamic World." In Crabtree, Pam J. Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Medieval World. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Ancient and Medieval History Online, Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE49 ●http://www1.hollins.edu/faculty/saloweyca/horse/m_tack.htmhttp://www1.hollins.edu/faculty/saloweyca/horse/m_tack.htm