1. INT 200: Global Capitalism and its Discontents Mercantilism and the History of Money

2. Mercantilism Economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state – bullionism, a doctrine stressing the importance of accumulating precious metals – a state should export more goods than it imported so that foreigners would have to pay the difference in precious metals only raw materials that could not be extracted at home should be imported Subsidies, monopolies, tariffs vs – agrarian capitalism of the physiocrats: the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of "land agriculture“ the production of goods and services as consumption of the agricultural surplus, since the main source of power was from human or animal muscle and all energy was derived from the surplus from agricultural production

3. Mercantilism The consolidation of the regional power centers of the feudal era by large, competitive nation-states; but also – establishment of colonies outside Europe – growth of European commerce and industry relative to agriculture – increase in the volume and breadth of trade – the increase in the use of metallic monetary systems, particularly gold and silver military conflict between nation-states – full-time professional forces – sufficient quantity of hard currency to support a military that would deter attacks by other countries

4. Mercantilism Governments and Mercantile Classes – In exchange for paying levies and taxes to support the armies of the nation-states, the mercantile classes induced governments to enact policies that would protect their business interests against foreign competition – capital to new industries, exempt new industries from guild rules and taxes, establish monopolies over local and colonial markets, and grant titles and pensions to successful producers, etc. – tariffs, quotas, and prohibitions on imports of goods that competed with local manufacturers – prohibited the export of tools and capital equipment – Shipping vital to national power: strong merchant marines, port duties on foreign vessels, restrictions on foreign vessels Zero Sum Game Protectionism: – quotas, subsidies, tariffs, cabotage laws, devaluation

5. Money three main functions: – a medium of exchange, easily traded for goods & services. – a store of value, so that it can be saved and used for consumption in the future – a unit of account, a useful measuring-stick Before money – Barter: a system of exchange by which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services – Gift exchange/gift economy: goods and services given without an explicit agreement that the gift will be reciprocated

6. Money history – Obsidian (12,000), copper and silver (3,000), cattle, grain, etc. – Commodity money: value comes from the commodity of which it is made – Electrum, an alloy of gold and silver, was used to make coins in Lydia in around 650BCE A coin: stamped money have a mark of some authority, a symbol, picture or words Pre-weighted and pre-alloyed Still a commodity money Clipping and devaluing – coin as a unit of weight vs. a unit of value Seigniorage: the difference between the value of the money and the cost to manufacture it

7. Money history – Bills of Exchange: the buyer’s promise to make a payment at some specified future date – Promissory notes circulate as a safe and convenient form of money backed by the goldsmith's promise to pay – Representative Money: A claim on a commodity, a "commodity-backed money – Banknote

8. Money history – Gold Standard a currency is defined in terms of a specified amount of gold and for which the currency could be exchanged The Bretton Woods System – $35 / ounce – D. August 15, 1971 Advantages: Long-term price stability, fixed international exchange rates Disadvantages: Gold unequally distributed, limits growth d. 1976

9. Money history – Fiat Money intrinsically useless; is used only as a medium of exchange derives its value from the government which declares it to be legal tender – Inflation, reputation of the government, devaluation – Monetization Money evolves to reduce barter; as a private-sector attempt to minimize the costs of trading vs. A Government operation fiscal wing of government has a huge incentive to move its economy away from barter – Taxes, seigniorage