1. Teratogens Child Psych II

2. What is a Teratogen? Definition:  A teratogen is an environmental agent that can adversely affect the unborn child, thus producing a birth defect

3. Timing The effect of teratogens depends upon the timing of exposure. The first trimester of pregnancy is the critical period of organ and limb development in the fetus. The fetal brain develops throughout pregnancy and can be affected at any time. Exposure to a teratogen during the two weeks following conception is unlikely to cause birth defects.

4. Photo Courtesy of: http://www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/361-6-Ch1.htm

5. Congenital Infections HIV  The biggest risk to the fetus is for transmission of the virus to fetus  Treatment during pregnancy can greatly reduce the risk to the baby. Rubella  A.K.A. German Measles, may result in the baby being born blind, deaf, mentally disabled, have heart defects Syphilis  STD, ½ of infected pregnancies will spontaneously abort  Baby may be born premature, have enlarged liver or spleen, deaf, blind, MR, skin rash, jaundice Toxoplasmosis  Common infection caused by microscopic worms  Can cause developmental disabilities, deafness, blindness

6. Physical Agents X-Rays  Possible effects on the newborn include: slow growth, developmental disabilities, sterility, possible cancers later in life Hyperthermia  Refers to an abnormally high body temperature (fever, prolonged exposure to extreme heat source, heavy exercising)  Baby is more likely to form neural tube defects, including spina bifida (incompletely formed spinal cord, may result in paralysis)

7. Maternal Health Factors Maternal Diabetes  Delivery complications due to large baby  Stillbirth  Spontaneous abortion Maternal PKUPKU  Increased risk for mental retardation  Low birth weight, other birth defects

8. Chemicals, Drugs, & Medications Alcohol  Leading known preventable cause of MR and birth defects  Low birth weight  Heart, joint, & eye defects  Still birth  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

9. Chemicals, Drugs, & Medications Cigarette Smoke  Nicotine  Fetal Distress Abnormal heart rate Low birth weight Stillbirth Sponataneous abortion Death during first few weeks Lasting effects  Smaller size, poor reading skills, poor school adjustment

10. Chemicals, Drugs, & Medications Cocaine  Baby will be born addicted to cocaine When no longer being given drugs, baby will go through stress, high-pitched crying, shaking, poor feeding, fever  Low birth-weight or premature birth  Grow slowly, malformed internal organs  Behavior worsens as they get older  Mothers addicted to crack usually have poor health and nutrition

11. Chemicals, Drugs, & Medications Always discuss any medications with doctor prior to taking them Aspirin  Prolonged labor  Bleeding in mother and baby