1. International Humanitarian Law

2. Origins Hammurabic Code (1772 BCE) Justinian Code (7 th Century CE) English Common Law U.S. Bill of Rights 1791 Lieber Codes: Civil War Memory of Solferino, Henry Dunant

3. Geneva Convention 1864 Ambulances, military hospitals, personnel recognized as neutral Ambulances, military hospitals, personnel recognized as neutral Citizens assisting wounded are protected Citizens assisting wounded are protected Wounded/sick combatants collected and cared for Wounded/sick combatants collected and cared for The symbol of a red cross on a white background (reverse of the Swiss flag) identifies neutral, medical personnel The symbol of a red cross on a white background (reverse of the Swiss flag) identifies neutral, medical personnel

4. Adjustments/Amendments 1949: New rules governing the treatment of POWS 1949: New rules governing the treatment of POWS 1977: Prohibition of child recruitment in armed forces, protecting of cultural objects and places of worship 1977: Prohibition of child recruitment in armed forces, protecting of cultural objects and places of worship

7. Standard POW package Circa 1943

8. Consequences of Non-Compliance Economic and/or political sanctions (usually imposed by United Nations) Economic and/or political sanctions (usually imposed by United Nations) Nations that are party to the Geneva Conventions must pass domestic legislation providing penalties for violations Nations that are party to the Geneva Conventions must pass domestic legislation providing penalties for violations Serious violations (breach) is regarded as a war crime (ex. Torture, hostage taking, rape, etc.) Serious violations (breach) is regarded as a war crime (ex. Torture, hostage taking, rape, etc.)

9. Special Trials/Tribunals Nuremberg (1945-46) and Tokyo (1946-48) Nuremberg (1945-46) and Tokyo (1946-48) UN War Tribunals: Former Yugoslavia & Rwanda UN War Tribunals: Former Yugoslavia & Rwanda

10. International Criminal Court July 1, 2002 July 1, 2002 60 nations 60 nations Now 100 Now 100